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Related Concept Videos

The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Overview of Exosomes01:36

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Exosomes are stable, lipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles capable of crossing biological barriers. They can carry a wide range of molecules required for intercellular communication. Once exosomes are released from the cell where they originated, they enter a recipient cell through various pathways such as fusion, receptor-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
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MicroRNAs01:22

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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Updated: Sep 6, 2025

Studying the Effects of Tumor-Secreted Paracrine Ligands on Macrophage Activation using Co-Culture with Permeable Membrane Supports
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Exosome-Mediated Immunosuppression in Tumor Microenvironments.

Qi-Hui Xie1, Ji-Qi Zheng1, Jia-Yi Ding1

  • 1The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.

Cells
|June 24, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Cancer cells release exosomes carrying programmed death-ligand 1 to suppress antitumor immunity. This review details how exosomes in the tumor microenvironment promote cancer progression and resistance to immunotherapy.

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exosomesimmune cellimmunosuppressiontumor celltumor microenvironments

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Exosomes are key intercellular communicators involved in physiological and pathological processes.
  • Exosomes mediate immunoregulation, influencing various immune cells.
  • Tumor cell-derived exosomes (TDEs) and those from the tumor microenvironment (TME) contribute to immune suppression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the immunosuppressive roles of exosomes in the tumor microenvironment.
  • To summarize how exosomes modulate tumor growth, invasion, metastasis, and immunotherapy resistance.
  • To discuss therapeutic strategies targeting exosome-mediated tumor development.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of existing literature on exosomes and tumor immunity.
  • Analysis of exosome-mediated immunosuppression mechanisms.
  • Exploration of therapeutic interventions targeting exosome functions.

Main Results:

  • Cancer cells release PD-L1-positive exosomes that suppress systemic antitumor immunity via T cells.
  • TDEs and exosomes from other TME cells suppress immune responses in dendritic cells, macrophages, NK cells, and MDSCs.
  • Exosomes promote tumor growth, invasion, metastasis, and resistance to cancer therapies.

Conclusions:

  • Exosomes play a significant role in establishing an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.
  • Targeting exosome-mediated immunosuppression offers potential therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment.
  • Understanding exosome functions is crucial for developing novel immunotherapies.