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Related Concept Videos

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators02:13

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

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Transcriptional regulators bind to specific cis-regulatory sequences in the DNA to regulate gene transcription. These cis-regulatory sequences are very short, usually less than ten nucleotide pairs in length. The short length means that there is a high probability of the exact same sequence randomly occurring throughout the genome.  Since regulators can also bind to groups of similar sequences, this further increases the chances of random binding. Transcriptional regulators form...
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Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...
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Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
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Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
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Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
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Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 6, 2025

Identifying Transcription Factor Olig2 Genomic Binding Sites in Acutely Purified PDGFRα+ Cells by Low-cell Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing Analysis
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Structural and Functional Insights into CP2c Transcription Factor Complexes.

Seung Han Son1, Min Young Kim1, Eunbi Jo1

  • 1Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|June 24, 2022
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals novel structures of transcription factor CP2c (TFCP2) complexes, including homotetramers and heterohexamers, that regulate gene expression. These findings offer new insights into CP2c

Keywords:
DNA binding motifssubcellular localizationtherapeuticstranscription factor CP2c complexestranscriptional regulation

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Transcription Factor Regulation
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • Transcription factor CP2c (TFCP2) is crucial for cellular processes and cancer.
  • Fundamental regulatory mechanisms of CP2c remain largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the structural and functional aspects of CP2c regulation.
  • To uncover novel mechanisms of CP2c-mediated transcriptional control.

Main Methods:

  • Dual-specificity protein (DSP) crosslinking
  • Western blot analysis
  • Conventional biochemical and biophysical methods

Main Results:

  • Identified a monomeric CP2c homotetramer ([C4]) binding to DNA motifs.
  • Characterized a dimeric CP2c, CP2b, and PIAS1 heterohexamer ([C2B2P2]2) binding to distinct DNA motifs.
  • Demonstrated the pioneering role of [C4] in recruiting [C2B2P2]2.
  • Revealed nuclear existence of CP2c as [C4], [C2B2P2]2, or [C2B2P2]4.
  • Discovered a cytosolic CP2c and CP2a complex ([C2A2]) involved in homeostatic regulation.

Conclusions:

  • Novel quaternary structures of CP2c complexes dictate DNA binding and transcriptional regulation.
  • [C4] acts as a pioneer factor, enabling the assembly of larger regulatory complexes.
  • Cytosolic [C2A2] complex provides homeostatic control over nuclear CP2c functions.
  • These findings are critical for understanding CP2c transcriptional regulation and developing targeted therapeutics.