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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Fetal Brain Development: Regulating Processes and Related Malformations.

Zvi Leibovitz1,2, Tally Lerman-Sagie1,3, Leila Haddad2

  • 1Obstetrics-Gynecology Ultrasound Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fetal Neurology Clinic, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 5822012, Israel.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review details normal embryonic-fetal central nervous system (CNS) development and associated malformations. It covers key processes and conditions like neural tube defects and cortical malformations, aiding understanding of CNS development disorders.

Keywords:
CNS malformationsbrain developmentfetal neurology

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Neuroscience
  • Embryology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Normal embryonic-fetal central nervous system (CNS) development involves intricate, timed processes.
  • Disruptions in these processes can lead to significant congenital CNS malformations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of normal CNS development.
  • To review current knowledge on CNS malformations linked to developmental processes.
  • To consolidate information on diagnosis, management, and outcomes of these conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of contemporary scientific literature on CNS development and malformations.
  • Categorization of developmental processes and associated malformations.
  • Synthesis of information regarding etiology, genetics, imaging, and clinical aspects.

Main Results:

  • Detailed description of key developmental stages: dorsal/ventral induction, neurogenesis, migration, and cortical organization.
  • Comprehensive review of CNS malformations including neural tube defects, holoprosencephaly, cortical malformations (microcephaly, lissencephaly, etc.), corpus callosum disorders, and posterior fossa anomalies.
  • Discussion of fetal ventriculomegaly in relation to these disorders.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding normal CNS development is crucial for identifying and managing congenital malformations.
  • This review synthesizes critical information for researchers and clinicians.
  • Further research into the etiology and treatment of CNS malformations is warranted.