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Biological Effects of Radiation

Biological Effects of Radiation

All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...

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Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies

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Heavy-Ion-Induced Lung Tumors: Dose- & LET-Dependence.

Polly Y Chang¹, James Bakke¹, Chris J Rosen²

¹Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.

Life (Basel, Switzerland)

|June 24, 2022

Summary

Low doses of charged particle radiation showed non-linear lung tumor risk in mice, with potential threshold effects varying by linear energy transfer (LET). This research aids space travel radiation safety assessments.

Keywords:

linear energy transfer (LET)low dose lung particle radiation tumorigenesis

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Last Updated: Sep 6, 2025

Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies

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Direct Intrabronchial Administration to Improve the Selective Agent Deposition Within the Mouse Lung

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Published on: May 20, 2019

Area of Science:

Radiation biology
Space medicine
Oncology

Background:

Limited data exists on low-dose, single-exposure charged particle radiation effects on in vivo tumorigenesis.
Accurate risk assessment for particle radiation is crucial for manned space missions.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the dose-response relationship of lung tumorigenesis after low single doses of various charged particle beams.
To improve understanding of high linear energy transfer (LET)-dependent radiation-induced lung cancer risk.

Main Methods:

Female CB6F1 mice were exposed to low single doses (0.03-0.80 Gy) of oxygen, silicon, titanium, or iron ions, and 137Cs gamma rays.
Dose-averaged LET values ranged from 0.2-193 keV/µm.
Tumor prevalence was assessed at 16 months post-irradiation, with 398 animals across 5 studies.

Main Results:

Lung tumor prevalence exhibited a non-linear dose-response relationship.
Evidence suggests the presence of threshold doses for lung tumorigenesis, dependent on beam LET.
Predominant tumors were benign bronchioloalveolar adenomas, with some carcinomas and lymphosarcomas observed.

Conclusions:

Low single doses of charged particle radiation can induce lung tumors in mice.
The LET of the radiation significantly influences the dose-response and potential threshold for lung tumorigenesis.
Findings contribute to better risk assessment for astronauts exposed to galactic cosmic rays.