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Related Concept Videos

Stress Concentrations01:24

Stress Concentrations

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Stress concentration is when stress intensifies near discontinuities such as holes or abrupt cross-sectional changes in a structural member. This localized stress can often surpass the average stress within the member. The stress distribution in flat bars, either with a circular hole or varying widths connected by fillets, can be determined experimentally using a photoelastic method. The results are based on ratios of geometric parameters like the ratio of the hole's radius to the smaller...
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Types of Stressors01:23

Types of Stressors

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A stressor is any event, condition, or stimulus that triggers stress and causes a physical or psychological response in the body. Stressors can be categorized into three main types: catastrophes; significant life changes; and daily hassles, including social stress. Each can be detrimental to physical and mental well-being.
Catastrophes
Catastrophes refer to large-scale, unpredictable events that create overwhelming stress and a sense of threat. Examples include natural disasters like...
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Stress01:20

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When a force is applied on a body, it undergoes deformation. In order to restore the body to its original shape and/or size, an opposite or restoring force is generated within the body. This restoring force is equal to the magnitude of the applied force, but acts in the opposite direction. The amount of this restoring force developed per unit area of the body is called stress. Stress is a tensor quantity and has the SI unit pascal. Stress can be separated into four broad categories depending...
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Physiological Foundation of Stress01:24

Physiological Foundation of Stress

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Stress triggers a coordinated physiological response involving the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This dual activation ensures that the body is prepared for both immediate and prolonged stress management. The process begins with the perception of a stressor. This initial phase activates the SNS, leading to the rapid release of adrenaline (epinephrine) from the adrenal glands.
Role of the Sympathetic Nervous System
Adrenaline triggers the...
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Stress: General Loading Conditions01:15

Stress: General Loading Conditions

374
To grasp the intricacy of real-world conditions where multiple loads are applied simultaneously to a structure, one might visualize a section passing through a specific point within a body, aligned parallel to the xy plane. This section is subjected to various forces, including original loads, normal forces, and shearing forces.
The shearing force, possessing potential directionality within the plane of the section, is simplified into two component forces running parallel to the x and y axes....
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Components of Stress01:23

Components of Stress

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Stress analysis under multiple loading conditions is intricate, necessitating a comprehensive grasp of normal and shearing stresses. Consider a small cube at point O, subjected to stress on all six faces, visible or not. Normal stress components σx, σy, σz act perpendicularly to the x, y, and z axes. Shearing stress components τxy and τxz are exerted on faces perpendicular to these axes.
Interestingly, the hidden cube faces also experience these stresses, equal and...
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Semi-Automated Analysis of Peak Amplitude and Latency for Auditory Brainstem Response Waveforms Using R
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Nitrative Stress and Auditory Dysfunction.

Monazza Shahab1,2, Samson Jamesdaniel1,2

  • 1Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.

Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 24, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nitrative stress, marked by 3-nitrotyrosine, contributes to hearing loss by damaging cochlear cells. Targeting this stress shows therapeutic potential for preventing auditory dysfunction.

Keywords:
3-nitrotyrosineauditory dysfunctionnitrative stressnoise-induced hearing lossototoxicityperoxynitrite

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Science
  • Oto-neuroscience

Background:

  • Nitrative stress, involving peroxynitrite formation, is a key factor in apoptotic cell death across various pathologies.
  • 3-nitrotyrosine serves as a reliable biomarker for nitrative stress and protein oxidative damage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms of nitrative stress.
  • To examine its induction in auditory tissues following ototoxic insults.
  • To explore the therapeutic potential of targeting nitrative stress for auditory dysfunction.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on nitrative stress mechanisms and ototoxicity.
  • Analysis of studies investigating 3-nitrotyrosine as a biomarker in the cochlea.
  • Evaluation of therapeutic strategies targeting nitrative stress.

Main Results:

  • Ototoxic insults, including noise and drugs, increase 3-nitrotyrosine in cochlear cells.
  • Nitrated proteins disrupt signaling pathways, leading to sensory cell apoptosis and hearing loss.
  • Targeting nitrative stress with compounds like peroxynitrite decomposition catalysts and iNOS inhibitors can prevent auditory damage.

Conclusions:

  • Nitrative stress plays a significant role in acquired hearing loss.
  • Interventions targeting nitrative stress offer a promising therapeutic avenue for mitigating auditory dysfunction.