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PID Controller01:19

PID Controller

230
Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers are widely used in various control systems to enhance stability and performance. In a thermostat, it adjusts heating or cooling based on the temperature difference between the actual and desired levels. They are often used in automotive speed systems, effectively managing sudden speed changes while maintaining a constant speed under varying conditions. On the other hand, PI controllers, commonly employed in voltage regulation, enhance stability...
230
Block Diagram Reduction01:22

Block Diagram Reduction

283
The process of deriving the transfer function of a control system often involves reducing its block diagram to a single block. This simplification can be achieved through a series of strategic operations, including relocating branch points and comparators. These operations preserve the overall function of the system while allowing for easier manipulation and combination of blocks.
The first step in this process is the identification and relocation of a branch point. A branch point, where a...
283
PI Controller: Design01:24

PI Controller: Design

470
Proportional Integral (PI) controllers are a fundamental component in modern control systems, widely used to enhance performance and mitigate steady-state errors. They are particularly effective in applications such as automatic brightness adjustment on smartphones, where they excel at mitigating steady-state errors for step-function inputs. Unlike PD controllers, which require time-varying errors to function optimally, PI controllers leverage their integral component to address residual...
470
Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of PI Control01:27

Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of PI Control

198
Proportional-Integral (PI) controllers are essential in many control systems to improve stability and performance. They are commonly used in everyday devices like thermostats to enhance system damping and reduce steady-state error. When the zero in the controller's transfer function is optimally placed, the system benefits significantly in terms of stability and accuracy.
Acting as a low-pass filter, the PI controller slows the system's response and extends settling times. This requires...
198
Phase-lead and Phase-lag Controllers01:22

Phase-lead and Phase-lag Controllers

221
Understanding the working function of different types of controllers can be illustrated with practical analogies, such as adjusting a stereo's volume equalizer. Cranking up the bass involves a phase-lead controller, which functions as a high-pass filter, while increasing the treble uses a phase-lag controller, which acts as a low-pass filter. PD controllers, similar to high-pass filters, enhance the system's response to high-frequency components. PI controllers, akin to low-pass...
221
Controller Configurations01:22

Controller Configurations

146
Controller configurations are crucial in a car's cruise control system because they manage speed over time to maintain a consistent pace regardless of road conditions, thereby meeting design goals. In traditional control systems, fixed-configuration design involves predetermined controller placement. System performance modifications are known as compensation.
Control-system compensation involves various configurations, most commonly series or cascade compensation, in which the controller...
146

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 6, 2025

Real-Time Proxy-Control of Re-Parameterized Peripheral Signals using a Close-Loop Interface
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Scan Time Reduction of PLCs by Dedicated Parallel-Execution Multiple PID Controllers Using an FPGA.

Gnanasekaran Dhanabalan1, Sankar Tamil Selvi1, Miroslav Mahdal2

  • 1Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, AAA College of Engineering and Technology, Sivakasi 626123, India.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 24, 2022
PubMed
Summary

This research introduces a field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based multiple PID controller to maintain programmable logic controller (PLC) scan times. This FPGA solution ensures concurrent execution of multiple proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers, improving system efficiency.

Keywords:
PI controlanalog to digital conversiondata acquisitionfield programmable gate arraysprogrammable logic controllerscan time

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Area of Science:

  • Control Systems Engineering
  • Digital Systems Design
  • Embedded Systems

Background:

  • Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) execute ladder diagrams (LDs) with PID controller function blocks.
  • Increasing process parameters controlled by a PLC significantly slows down its scan time.
  • Analog input modules convert process signals to digital for PLC PID controllers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based multiple PID controller.
  • To maintain low programmable logic controller (PLC) scan times despite multiple control loops.
  • To enable concurrent execution of multiple PID controllers.

Main Methods:

  • Developed an FPGA-based architecture for multiple PID controllers.
  • Assigned dedicated FPGA hardware resources for each PID controller.
  • Implemented a novel analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) method using DAC, comparator, and FPGA for digital input routing.

Main Results:

  • Achieved concurrent execution of multiple PID controllers.
  • Confirmed low scan times for closed-loop control systems.
  • Measured execution time for two closed-loop controls at 18.96 ms.

Conclusions:

  • The FPGA-based multiple PID controller effectively retains low PLC scan times.
  • Dedicated FPGA resources ensure concurrent PID controller operation.
  • The proposed design offers flexibility for use with or without a PLC.