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Quantifying the Surface Strain Field Induced by Active Sources with Distributed Acoustic Sensing: Theory and

Peter G Hubbard¹, Joseph P Vantassel², Brady R Cox³

¹Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

|June 24, 2022

Summary

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Measurements of Strain

Measurements of Strain

Strain quantifies the deformation of a material under force, typically measured as normal strain, which represents the change in length when compared with the original length. Electrical strain gauges are used for enhanced accuracy. These devices consist of a conductive wire mounted on a paper backing that adheres to the material's surface. These gauges operate on the piezoresistive effect, where the wire's electrical resistance changes in response to mechanical deformation. The strain...

Elastic Strain Energy for Shearing Stresses

Elastic Strain Energy for Shearing Stresses

As discussed in previous lessons, strain energy in a material is the energy stored when it is elastically deformed, a concept crucial in materials science and mechanical engineering. This energy results from the internal work done against the cohesive forces within the material. When a material undergoes shearing stress and corresponding shearing strain, the strain energy density, which is the energy stored per unit volume, is calculated. Within the elastic limit, where the stress is...

Three-Dimensional Analysis of Strain

Three-Dimensional Analysis of Strain

Three-dimensional strain analysis is crucial for understanding how materials deform under stress, particularly in elastic, homogeneous materials. This method employs principal stress axes to simplify complex stress states into more understandable forms. Subjected to stress, a small cubic element within a material either expands or contracts along these axes, transforming into a rectangular parallelepiped. This transformation effectively illustrates the material's deformation. The principal...

Design Example: Strain Gauge Bridge or Wheatstone Bridge

Design Example: Strain Gauge Bridge or Wheatstone Bridge

The utilization of strain gauges as transducers for converting mechanical strain into electrical signals is a common practice in various engineering applications. These strain gauges are frequently integrated into Wheatstone bridge circuits to accurately measure parameters such as force or pressure. Within this context, each element within the circuit exhibits a resistance that undergoes subtle variations when subjected to mechanical strain. The primary objective is to convert minuscule...

Elastic Strain Energy for Normal Stresses

Elastic Strain Energy for Normal Stresses

Strain energy quantifies the energy stored within a material due to deformation under loading conditions, a fundamental concept in materials science and engineering. The strain energy can be modeled when a material is subjected to axial loading with uniformly distributed stress. In this scenario, the stress experienced by the material is the internal force divided by the cross-sectional area, and the strain induced is directly proportional to this stress through the modulus of elasticity.
If...

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Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) accurately measures ground strain, matching geophone data for engineering applications like hazard monitoring. Proper alignment and coupling are key for reliable quantitative dynamic strain measurements.

Area of Science:

Geophysics
Geotechnical Engineering

Background:

Quantitative dynamic strain measurements are crucial for engineering applications, including natural hazard monitoring and soil-structure interaction studies.
Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) is a promising technology, but its accuracy for ground strain measurement requires further investigation regarding directional sensitivity, spatial positioning, and amplitude response.

Purpose of the Study:

To validate the physical measurements of ground strain obtained using DAS against theoretical models and geophone measurements.
To assess the consistency of DAS measurements with theoretical transfer functions and reception patterns.

Main Methods:

Comparison of DAS strain measurements with geophone data under various broadband, high-amplitude, and complex wavefield conditions.
Development of a theoretical transfer function for DAS arrays, considering gauge length, pulse shape, and cable design.

Keywords:

DAS DFOS geophones strain measurement transfer function wave propagation

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3D elastic finite-difference simulations to establish the theoretical relationship between DAS-measured and pointwise strain for active sources.

Main Results:

DAS and geophone measurements show consistent phase and amplitude for broadband, high-amplitude, and complex wavefields when proper alignment, cable coupling, ground coupling, and laser stability are ensured.
A transfer function for DAS arrays is presented, and a theoretical relationship between DAS and pointwise strain is derived.
A method for precise spatial alignment of DAS channels with geophone locations is proposed, achieving tolerances below the DAS spatial resolution.

Conclusions:

DAS technology is validated as a reliable tool for quantitative dynamic ground strain measurements in engineering applications.
The study provides a framework for understanding and improving DAS measurement accuracy, including methods for quality estimation and spatial alignment.
Findings support the broader application of DAS in geotechnical engineering, natural hazard monitoring, and site investigations.