Kinome Analysis to Define Mechanisms of Adjuvant Action: PCEP Induces Unique Signaling at the Injection Site and...

Understanding the mechanism of action of adjuvants through systems biology enables rationale criteria for their selection, optimization, and application. As kinome analysis has proven valuable for defining responses to infectious agents and providing biomarkers of vaccine responsiveness, it is a logical candidate to define molecular responses to adjuvants. Signaling responses to the adjuvant poly[di(sodiumcarboxylatoethylphenoxy)phosphazene] (PCEP) were defined at the site of injection and draining lymph node at 24 h post-vaccination. Kinome analysis indicates that PCEP induces a proinflammatory environment at the injection site, including activation of interferon and IL-6 signaling events. This is supported by the elevated expression of proinflammatory genes (IFNγ, IL-6 and TNFα) and the recruitment of myeloid (neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes and dendritic cells) and lymphoid (CD4+, CD8+ and B) cells. Kinome analysis also indicates that PCEP’s mechanism of action is not limited to the injection site. Strong signaling responses to PCEP, but not alum, are observed at the draining lymph node where, in addition to proinflammatory signaling, PCEP activates responses associated with growth factor and erythropoietin stimulation. Coupled with the significant (p < 0.0001) recruitment of macrophages and dendritic cells to the lymph node by PCEP (but not alum) supports the systemic consequences of the adjuvant. Collectively, these results indicate that PCEP utilizes a complex, multi-faceted MOA and support the utility of kinome analysis to define cellular responses to adjuvants.