Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

652
Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
652
Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

506
Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
506
Overview of Exosomes01:36

Overview of Exosomes

2.8K
Exosomes are stable, lipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles capable of crossing biological barriers. They can carry a wide range of molecules required for intercellular communication. Once exosomes are released from the cell where they originated, they enter a recipient cell through various pathways such as fusion, receptor-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
Stahl et al. discovered exosomes in 1983, but the exosomes were initially considered waste products released from the...
2.8K
Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine02:50

Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

5.1K
Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
The combination of the drug acetazolamide and sulforaphane is a good example of combination therapy to treat cancer. The cells in the interior of a large tumor often die due to the hypoxic and...
5.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Age-diet interactions significantly influence intratumoral gene expression, gut microbiome signature and tumor microenvironment in colorectal cancer.

Neoplasia (New York, N.Y.)·2025
Same author

Simultaneous TGF-β and GITR pathway modulation promotes anti-tumor immunity in glioma.

Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII·2025
Same author

Enhancing brain entry and therapeutic activity of chimeric antigen receptor T cells with intra-arterial NEO100 in a mouse model of CNS lymphoma.

Journal of neurosurgery·2023
Same author

Enhanced brain entry of checkpoint-inhibitory therapeutic antibodies facilitated by intraarterial NEO100 in mouse models of brain-localized malignancies.

Journal of neurosurgery·2023
Same author

The anticancer effects of Metformin in the male germ tumor SEM-1 cell line are mediated by HMGA1.

Frontiers in endocrinology·2022
Same author

Deletion of monoamine oxidase A in a prostate cancer model enhances anti-tumor immunity through reduced immune suppression.

Biochemical and biophysical research communications·2022

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 6, 2025

In Vivo Immunogenicity Screening of Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles by Flow Cytometry of Splenic T Cells
08:02

In Vivo Immunogenicity Screening of Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles by Flow Cytometry of Splenic T Cells

Published on: September 23, 2021

2.6K

Eliciting anti-cancer immunity by genetically engineered multifunctional exosomes.

Qinqin Cheng1, Zhefu Dai1, Goar Smbatyan2

  • 1Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.

Molecular Therapy : the Journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy
|June 24, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Genetically engineered exosomes (GEMINI-Exos) harness T-cells to target and destroy triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. This novel immunotherapy approach shows potent anti-cancer effects in preclinical models.

Keywords:
exosomesextracellular vesiclesimmunotherapyprotein engineeringsynthetic biologytriple negative breast cancer

More Related Videos

Isolation of Exosome-Enriched Extracellular Vesicles Carrying Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor from Embryonic Stem Cells
12:02

Isolation of Exosome-Enriched Extracellular Vesicles Carrying Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor from Embryonic Stem Cells

Published on: November 11, 2021

4.3K
Paramyxoviruses for Tumor-targeted Immunomodulation: Design and Evaluation Ex Vivo
12:42

Paramyxoviruses for Tumor-targeted Immunomodulation: Design and Evaluation Ex Vivo

Published on: January 7, 2019

9.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 6, 2025

In Vivo Immunogenicity Screening of Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles by Flow Cytometry of Splenic T Cells
08:02

In Vivo Immunogenicity Screening of Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles by Flow Cytometry of Splenic T Cells

Published on: September 23, 2021

2.6K
Isolation of Exosome-Enriched Extracellular Vesicles Carrying Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor from Embryonic Stem Cells
12:02

Isolation of Exosome-Enriched Extracellular Vesicles Carrying Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor from Embryonic Stem Cells

Published on: November 11, 2021

4.3K
Paramyxoviruses for Tumor-targeted Immunomodulation: Design and Evaluation Ex Vivo
12:42

Paramyxoviruses for Tumor-targeted Immunomodulation: Design and Evaluation Ex Vivo

Published on: January 7, 2019

9.6K

Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Immunology
  • Nanomedicine

Background:

  • Exosomes are crucial for intercellular communication and offer unique advantages for therapeutic development.
  • While successful in drug delivery, exosomes' potential in immunotherapy is largely unexplored.
  • Targeted delivery and immune modulation are key challenges in cancer immunotherapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To engineer exosomes with specific targeting and immunomodulatory capabilities for cancer therapy.
  • To develop a versatile platform for exosome-based immunotherapeutics.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of engineered exosomes against triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC).

Main Methods:

  • Genetically engineered exosomes (GEMINI-Exos) were created by fusing targeting antibodies (anti-CD3, anti-EGFR) and immune checkpoint modulators (PD-1, OX40L) to exosomal membrane proteins.
  • Exosomes were derived from Expi293F cells.
  • The anti-cancer efficacy of GEMINI-Exos was assessed in preclinical models of EGFR-positive TNBC.

Main Results:

  • GEMINI-Exos successfully displayed antibodies and immunomodulatory proteins on their surface.
  • Engineered exosomes effectively redirected and activated T-cells to target EGFR-positive TNBC cells.
  • GEMINI-Exos demonstrated potent inhibition of established TNBC tumors in mice, eliciting robust anti-cancer immunity.

Conclusions:

  • Genetically engineered exosomes (GEMINI-Exos) represent a promising new class of agents for cancer immunotherapy.
  • This approach provides a general strategy for developing exosome-based immunotherapeutics with tailored functions.
  • GEMINI-Exos show significant potential for treating triple-negative breast cancer and other malignancies.