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Related Concept Videos

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)01:16

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Ring-opening metathesis polymerization or ROMP involves strained cycloalkenes as starting materials. The mechanism of ROMP proceeds by reacting cycloalkene with Grubbs catalyst to give metallacyclobutane intermediate which undergoes a ring-opening reaction to form new carbene. The new carbene reacts with another molecule of cycloalkene. Repetition of these steps leads to the formation of an unsaturated open-chain polymer product. All these steps are reversible, however, relieving the ring...
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview01:13

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Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on their double bonds between two olefins in the presence of a catalyst is known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The use of metathesis reaction for polymer synthesis is called olefin metathesis polymerization.
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
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Base-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Epoxides02:26

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Due to their highly strained structures, epoxides can readily undergo ring-opening reactions through nucleophilic substitution, either in the presence of an acid or a base. The nucleophilic substitution reactions in the presence of acid are called acid-catalyzed ring-opening reactions, and nucleophilic substitution reactions in the presence of a base are called base-catalyzed ring-opening reactions. Epoxides undergo base-catalyzed ring-opening reactions in the presence of a strong nucleophile...
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Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

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Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
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Polymers02:34

Polymers

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Updated: Sep 6, 2025

Controlled Photoredox Ring-Opening Polymerization of O-Carboxyanhydrides Mediated by Ni/Zn Complexes
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Research Progress in Polypeptoids Prepared by Controlled Ring-Opening Polymerizations.

Anyao Ma1, Xinyan Yu1, Mingzhen Liao1

  • 1State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.

Macromolecular Rapid Communications
|June 24, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Polypeptoids, polypeptide mimics, offer unique properties like biocompatibility and stability. Recent advances in controlled polymerization have expanded their applications in polymer science and biology.

Keywords:
biological applicationscontrolled ring-opening polymerizationscrystallizationpolypeptoidsself-assembly

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Science
  • Biomaterials
  • Organic Chemistry

Background:

  • Polypeptoids are structural analogs of polypeptides.
  • They exhibit desirable properties such as biocompatibility, proteolytic stability, and thermal processability.
  • Their synthetic accessibility and structural diversity make them attractive for various applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review research progress in polypeptoid synthesis and applications over the last decade.
  • To highlight advancements in controlled ring-opening polymerization techniques for polypeptoids.
  • To discuss the potential of polypeptoids in polymer science and biological fields.

Main Methods:

  • Controlled ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of N-carboxyanhydrides (NCAs).
  • Exploration of various initiators for ROP.
  • Post-polymerization modification strategies.
  • Characterization of fundamental properties.
  • Investigation of crystallization-driven self-assembly (CDSA).

Main Results:

  • Diverse polypeptoid architectures synthesized via controlled ROP.
  • Successful post-functionalization enabling tailored properties.
  • Demonstrated fundamental properties including solubility and thermal stability.
  • Established crystallization-driven self-assembly for ordered nanostructures.
  • Identified promising biological applications.

Conclusions:

  • Controlled ROP has significantly advanced polypeptoid synthesis and applications.
  • Polypeptoids are versatile biomimetic materials with broad potential.
  • Further research in synthesis, assembly, and biological applications is warranted.