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Related Concept Videos

The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Hypertension III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:30

Hypertension III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

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Hypertension is asymptomatic and also referred to as the "silent killer" until it progresses to a severe stage or causes target organ disease. Patients may experience symptoms stemming from the strain on blood vessels and tissues in various organs or the heart's increased workload.Physical exams might show no abnormalities other than high blood pressure. Signs of vascular damage, when present, correspond to the organs supplied by the affected vessels, leading to target organ damage. For...
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Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 6, 2025

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
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Persistent post-thyroidectomy hypoparathyroidism: A multicenter retrospective cohort study.

Ivona Lončar1, Caroline M J van Kinschot2,3, Sam P J van Dijk1

  • 1Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Department of Surgical Oncology and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.

Scandinavian Journal of Surgery : SJS : Official Organ for the Finnish Surgical Society and the Scandinavian Surgical Society
|June 24, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The incidence of persistent hypoparathyroidism varies due to differing definitions. A new pragmatic definition offers a more consistent way to report hypoparathyroidism rates in real-world studies.

Keywords:
Hypoparathyroidismhypocalcemiaincidencerisk factorsthyroid surgerythyroidectomy

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Surgical Outcomes
  • Clinical Epidemiology

Background:

  • Persistent hypoparathyroidism incidence reporting lacks standardization.
  • Variability in reported rates hinders comparative analysis.
  • A consensus definition for persistent hypoparathyroidism is needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the real-life incidence of persistent hypoparathyroidism.
  • To investigate the impact of a new pragmatic definition on incidence rates.
  • To identify risk factors associated with persistent hypoparathyroidism.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective multicenter cohort study.
  • Analysis of persistent hypoparathyroidism incidence using multiple definitions.
  • Identification of risk factors for hypoparathyroidism.

Main Results:

  • A new pragmatic definition yielded a 7.9% incidence of persistent hypoparathyroidism.
  • Other definitions resulted in incidence rates from 11.8% to 22.1%.
  • Risk factors included parathyroid autotransplantation, surgical complications, and low postoperative calcium.

Conclusions:

  • Study definitions significantly impact reported persistent hypoparathyroidism incidence.
  • The proposed pragmatic definition may allow for unbiased study comparisons.
  • Standardizing definitions is crucial for accurate hypoparathyroidism research.