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Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...
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Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

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Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
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Traumatic Memory01:20

Traumatic Memory

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Emotionally traumatic events often lead to memories that are exceptionally vivid and enduring, sometimes persisting with remarkable clarity throughout an individual's life. A classic example of this phenomenon is a person who survives a car accident. Even years later, they may recall every detail of the event with startling accuracy — the screeching of the tires, the jarring impact, and the acrid smell of burning rubber. Such vividness contrasts sharply with how an individual...
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Decreased Body Temperature01:29

Decreased Body Temperature

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A decreased body temperature can occur in patients with hypothermia and frostbite. Heat loss with extended cold exposure overpowers the body's ability to create heat, resulting in hypothermia. Core temperature readings help classify hypothermia. Mild hypothermia is temperatures between 32 °C (89.6 °F) and 35°C (95 °F) and is caused by impaired thermoregulation. Moderate hypothermia is temperatures between 28 C (82.4 °F) and 32 °C (89.6 °F) caused by...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 6, 2025

Pseudofracture: An Acute Peripheral Tissue Trauma Model
10:08

Pseudofracture: An Acute Peripheral Tissue Trauma Model

Published on: April 18, 2011

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Trauma-induced hypocalcemia.

Margot DeBot1, Angela Sauaia1,2, Terry Schaid1

  • 1School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Trauma Research Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

Transfusion
|June 24, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Trauma-induced hypocalcemia, a complication of severe injury, is linked to worse outcomes and increased mortality. Prompt calcium supplementation should be a primary intervention in trauma resuscitation.

Keywords:
calcium supplementationcoagulopathydeath diamondendotheliopathy of traumahemorrhagic shockhemostasishypocalcemiaresuscitationtransfusion complicationstransfusion practicestrauma

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Area of Science:

  • Trauma resuscitation
  • Critical care medicine
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Trauma-induced hypocalcemia is an underappreciated complication of severe injury.
  • Hypocalcemia is linked to coagulopathy and increased mortality after trauma.
  • Existing literature highlights the physiological derangements caused by hypocalcemia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review risk factors, mechanisms, and treatment of hypocalcemia after severe injury.
  • To evaluate current data on post-injury hypocalcemia.
  • To emphasize the importance of calcium in trauma resuscitation.

Main Methods:

  • This study is a narrative review of available data.
  • It does not include a systematic review or meta-analysis.
  • The review focuses on hypocalcemia in the context of severe trauma.

Main Results:

  • Hypocalcemia, acidosis, hypothermia, and coagulopathy create a cycle potentiating hemorrhagic shock.
  • Current screening and treatment of post-injury hypocalcemia are often secondary considerations.
  • Calcium plays a critical role in the physiological response to severe injury.

Conclusions:

  • Calcium supplementation should be a primary intervention for life-threatening injuries.
  • Addressing hypocalcemia is crucial for improving outcomes in trauma patients.
  • The interplay of factors in hemorrhagic shock necessitates a re-evaluation of trauma resuscitation protocols.