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Related Concept Videos

Disorders of Acid-Base Balance01:29

Disorders of Acid-Base Balance

466
The human body maintains a precise pH range of arterial blood between 7.35 and 7.45. Deviations result in either acidosis (pH < 7.35) or alkalosis (pH > 7.45). These conditions are further classified as respiratory or metabolic disorders based on their underlying cause.
Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis occurs due to an increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide PCO2 in the blood. It often arises from shallow breathing or impaired gas exchange caused by...
466
Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases02:58

Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

93.7K
The acid-base reaction class has been studied for quite some time. In 1680, Robert Boyle reported traits of acid solutions that included their ability to dissolve many substances, to change the colors of certain natural dyes, and to lose these traits after coming in contact with alkali (base) solutions. In the eighteenth century, it was recognized that acids have a sour taste, react with limestone to liberate a gaseous substance (now known to be CO2), and interact with alkalis to form neutral...
93.7K
Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis01:24

Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis

503
Diagnosing acid-base imbalances involves systematically analyzing arterial blood samples, focusing on three key measurements: pH, bicarbonate (HCO3−) concentration, and carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2). This analysis follows a four-step process that helps identify the imbalance's underlying cause and nature.
First, the pH level is assessed to determine whether the blood pH is normal (7.35–7.45), low (acidosis), or high (alkalosis).
Next, the PCO2  and...
503
Acid-Base Balance01:25

Acid-Base Balance

851
The human body maintains a narrow pH range regulated through acid-base balance. This balance is crucial as changes in the hydrogen ion concentration can disrupt cell membrane stability, alter protein structures, and change enzyme activities. The normal pH of arterial blood is 7.4, venous blood and interstitial fluid is 7.35, and intracellular fluid averages 7.0.
When the pH of arterial blood rises above 7.45, it results in a condition called alkalosis. Conversely, a drop below 7.35 leads to...
851
Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance01:29

Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

681
Metabolic reactions in the body produce nonvolatile acids, such as sulfuric acid, which generate an acid load of approximately 1 mEq of H+ per kilogram of body weight daily. Excreting H+ in the urine is essential to balance this acid load.
In the kidneys, cells within the proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) and the collecting ducts secrete hydrogen ions (H+) into the tubular fluid. Specifically, in the PCT, Na+/H+ antiporters secrete H+ while reabsorbing Na+.
However, the intercalated cells in...
681
Bicarbonate-Carbonic Acid Buffer01:22

Bicarbonate-Carbonic Acid Buffer

2.4K
The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system is critical for maintaining the body's pH balance. It operates on the equilibrium:
2.4K

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Acid-base disorders: A primer for clinicians.

Anne M Tucker1, Tami N Johnson2

  • 1Division of Pharmacy, Clinical Pharmacy Specialist-Critical Care/Nutrition Support, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.

Nutrition in Clinical Practice : Official Publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition
|June 26, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This primer explains acid-base physiology and disorders for clinicians. It provides a stepwise approach to arterial blood gas evaluation and diagnostic tools for safe medical and nutrition plans.

Keywords:
acid-base disorderacidosisalkalosisblood gas analysisnutrition supportpH

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Area of Science:

  • Clinical Physiology
  • Medical Diagnostics

Background:

  • Accurate acid-base balance assessment is crucial for effective clinical practice.
  • Understanding acid-base physiology is essential for managing patient care, particularly nutrition and drug therapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of acid-base physiology and common disorders.
  • To outline a systematic approach for evaluating arterial blood gases (ABGs).
  • To highlight diagnostic tools for developing safe and effective medical and nutrition plans.

Main Methods:

  • Review of acid-base physiology principles.
  • Description of common acid-base disorders.
  • Stepwise methodology for arterial blood gas interpretation.
  • Inclusion of case scenarios for practical application.

Main Results:

  • Clinicians can improve patient care by understanding acid-base balance.
  • A structured approach to ABG analysis aids in accurate diagnosis.
  • Integration of diagnostic tools supports tailored medical and nutrition strategies.

Conclusions:

  • Mastery of acid-base physiology is fundamental for clinical decision-making.
  • This primer equips clinicians with essential knowledge and skills for managing acid-base disturbances.
  • Application of principles through case studies enhances clinical competence in patient management.