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Updated: Sep 6, 2025

A Syngeneic Mouse Model of Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma for Quantitative and Longitudinal Assessment of Preclinical Therapies
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A Syngeneic Mouse Model of Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma for Quantitative and Longitudinal Assessment of Preclinical Therapies

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Immune checkpoint inhibitor-based therapy for advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma: A narrative review

Yi-Fu Liu1, Zhi-Cheng Zhang1, Si-Yuan Wang1

  • 1Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, Jiangxi Province, China; Jiangxi Institute of Urology, Nanchang 330000, Jiangxi Province, China.

International Immunopharmacology
|June 26, 2022
PubMed

Insights

Advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) shows promise but faces challenges in response rates and durability. Novel strategies and combinations are crucial for improving outcomes in ccRCC patients.

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Medical Research

Background:

  • Prognosis for advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) remains poor despite treatment advancements.
  • Systemic ccRCC treatments include antiangiogenic therapy and immune checkpoint blockade (ICIs).
  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are increasingly dominant in ccRCC treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-based therapeutic strategies in advanced ccRCC.
  • To discuss the mechanisms of action for ICIs in ccRCC.
  • To present the latest clinical evidence on ICI-based therapies for advanced ccRCC.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC).
  • Analysis of mechanisms of action for PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 blockade.
  • Synthesis of current clinical evidence regarding ICI efficacy and challenges in ccRCC.

Main Results:

  • Conventional ICIs restore T-cell activation and enhance antitumor immune response by blocking PD-1, PD-L1, or CTLA-4.
  • While ICIs demonstrate clinical efficacy in ccRCC, response rates and durability are significant challenges.
  • Ongoing research focuses on novel immune checkpoints and combination strategies to overcome current limitations.

Conclusions:

  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) represent a significant advancement in advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) treatment.
  • Further development of novel ICI-based strategies and combinations is essential to improve patient outcomes.
  • Addressing challenges in response rates and durability is critical for maximizing the benefit of ICIs in ccRCC.
Keywords:
Adverse eventsClear cell renal cell carcinomaImmune checkpoint inhibitorsObjective response ratesOverall survivalProgression-free survival

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