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Development of Immunocompetence01:22

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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
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The human immune system is a complex defense mechanism that protects the body from harmful pathogens and foreign substances. It comprises two crucial components: innate and adaptive immunity.
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The epidermis is made of four or five layers of epithelial cells, depending on its location in the body. From deep to superficial, these layers are the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.
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Papillary Dermis01:11

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Dermis
The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
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The integumentary system is the organ system that comprises the skin and its associated structures. It is the largest system in the human body and plays a crucial role in protecting and maintaining homeostasis. The integumentary system serves several functions including protection, regulation, sensation, and secretion.
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Epidermal Immunity and Function: Origin in Neonatal Skin.

Marty O Visscher1, Andrew N Carr2, Vivek Narendran3

  • 1James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States.

Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences
|June 27, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neonatal skin rapidly develops a protective barrier after birth, showing higher levels of key proteins and natural moisturizing factors than adult skin. This enhanced epidermal immunity supports infant survival in a challenging environment.

Keywords:
epidermal barriergenomicsimmunityneonatalproteomicsskinstratum corneumvernix caseosa

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Immunology
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • The epidermis forms in utero through complex biological processes, establishing a functional barrier.
  • Vernix caseosa, a fetal coating, aids in cornification before birth.
  • Infants undergo a significant transition from an aqueous to a dry environment at birth, impacting epidermal barrier function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the developmental trajectory and characteristics of the neonatal epidermal barrier and its immune functions.
  • To compare the protein biomarkers and gene expression profiles of infant skin with adult skin.
  • To understand how the neonatal epidermis provides innate immunity and protection during early life.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of epidermal barrier development from gestation through the first 2-3 months post-birth.
  • Quantification of specific protein biomarkers in the stratum corneum (SC).
  • Functional genomic analysis to compare gene expression patterns between infant and adult skin.

Main Results:

  • Neonatal skin exhibits decreased hydration and SC cohesion shortly after birth, with significant changes over 2-3 months.
  • Infant SC showed increased proteins related to late differentiation, cornification, and filaggrin processing compared to adults.
  • Infant skin had higher natural moisturizing factor (NMF) levels and distinct gene expression profiles, including increased extracellular matrix and fatty acid metabolism genes.

Conclusions:

  • Neonatal skin possesses a unique immunological profile that provides innate immunity and protection against environmental challenges.
  • The infant epidermis demonstrates rapid development and adaptation post-birth, crucial for survival and growth.
  • Significant differences in gene expression highlight distinct biological processes supporting infant versus adult epidermal function.