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Related Concept Videos

Precipitation Gravimetry01:03

Precipitation Gravimetry

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Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
In determining nickel by gravimetric analysis, a precipitant of ethanolic dimethylglyoxime is added to a hot nickel salt solution. This is quickly followed by the dropwise addition of dilute ammonia solution until precipitation occurs. A...
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What is Weather?01:07

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Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

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Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
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Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Temperature Measurement Sites01:14

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A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
Oral: When assessing oral temperature, the thermometer tip should be placed under the tongue in the posterior sublingual pocket. It offers accurate readings and can be...
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Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

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Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 6, 2025

Surface Renewal: An Advanced Micrometeorological Method for Measuring and Processing Field-Scale Energy Flux Density Data
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Meteorological data rescue: Citizen science lessons learned from Southern Weather Discovery.

Andrew M Lorrey1, Petra R Pearce1, Rob Allan2

  • 1National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research LTD, 41 Market Place, Auckland 1011 New Zealand.

Patterns (New York, N.Y.)
|June 27, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Citizen scientists rescued historical weather data from ship logs and stations, improving daily weather reconstructions. This data enhances meteorological understanding and climate change research, aiding disaster mitigation efforts.

Keywords:
Zooniversecitizen scienceclimatedata rescuemeteorologyoptical character recognitionreanalysis

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Area of Science:

  • Meteorology and Climate Science
  • Citizen Science and Data Rescue
  • Historical Data Analysis

Background:

  • Daily weather reconstructions (reanalyses) are crucial for understanding meteorology and climate change.
  • Integrating historical, undigitized weather observations into reanalysis datasets is valuable but time-consuming.
  • Limited time and resources often hinder the capture of historical weather data from diverse archives.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the Southern Weather Discovery citizen science project for rescuing historical meteorological observations.
  • To detail promotional strategies used to engage citizen scientists in data recovery.
  • To establish quality control metrics for accurate transcription of handwritten weather data.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the Zooniverse platform to host the Southern Weather Discovery citizen science campaign.
  • Implemented specific keying levels to ensure complete transcription with minimal errors (Type 1 and Type 2).
  • Recovered tabulated handwritten meteorological observations from ship logbooks and land-based stations in the Southern Hemisphere.

Main Results:

  • Successfully rescued a significant volume of historical weather observations from New Zealand, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica.
  • Achieved high data completeness (100%) with minimized transcription errors through defined keying protocols.
  • Demonstrated the value of citizen science in augmenting optical character recognition (OCR) libraries for weather data.

Conclusions:

  • Citizen science data rescue projects like Southern Weather Discovery are effective for recovering historical weather data.
  • Integrating rescued data accelerates improvements in weather reconstruction and climate change studies.
  • Enhanced weather reconstructions can better inform strategies to mitigate the impacts of extreme weather events on communities and infrastructure.