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Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Gastrointestinal Cancers: The Current Status and Emerging Paradigms

Mihailo Miljanic1, Anna Capasso1, Todd A Triplett1

  • 1Department of Oncology, The LIVESTRONG Cancer Institutes and Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.

Journal of Immunotherapy and Precision Oncology
|June 27, 2022
PubMed

Insights

Immunotherapy using immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) shows promise for gastrointestinal (GI) cancers but faces efficacy limitations. Emerging combination strategies are being explored in clinical trials to overcome resistance and improve patient survival.

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), offers long-term survival benefits for many cancers.
  • However, the efficacy of ICIs remains limited in most gastrointestinal (GI) cancers due to inherent resistance mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current landscape of immune checkpoint blockade in GI cancers.
  • To discuss emerging combination strategies aimed at overcoming immunotherapy resistance.
  • To highlight early clinical trial results and future directions for enhancing immunotherapy response in GI malignancies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on immunotherapy in GI cancers.
  • Analysis of biological rationales for combination treatments.
  • Summary of ongoing clinical trials investigating novel therapeutic combinations with ICIs.

Main Results:

  • Significant limitations in ICI efficacy are observed in the majority of GI cancer patients.
  • Novel combination strategies are under investigation to enhance treatment efficacy.
  • Early results from clinical trials show promise for these emerging approaches.

Conclusions:

  • Overcoming resistance to immunotherapy is crucial for improving outcomes in GI cancers.
  • Combination strategies targeting molecular mechanisms of resistance are essential.
  • Further research and clinical trials are needed to optimize immunotherapy for GI cancer patients.
Keywords:
Clinical trialscombination strategiesgastrointestinal cancersimmune checkpoint inhibitorsprimary resistance

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