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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Human-Computer Interaction
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Landmark-based wayfinding is crucial for navigation.
  • Previous research indicated no switching costs between auditory and visual landmarks.
  • The role of olfactory landmarks in wayfinding, especially with modality switching, is under-explored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To empirically compare visual and olfactory landmark information for wayfinding.
  • To investigate modality switching costs between visual and olfactory cues.
  • To assess the suitability of olfactory information in landmark-based navigation.

Main Methods:

  • An experiment was conducted in a virtual environment.
  • Participants navigated a 12-intersection route, memorizing landmarks (visual or olfactory) and directions.
  • Recall involved switching modalities (visual to olfactory, olfactory to visual) or staying within the same modality.

Main Results:

  • Switching between visual and olfactory landmark modalities resulted in significant switching costs.
  • These costs were evidenced by increased decision times and reduced accuracy in route decisions.
  • This contrasts with prior findings of no switching costs between auditory and visual landmarks.

Conclusions:

  • Modality switching involving olfactory information is feasible but leads to performance decrements.
  • The observed poorer performance may stem from higher cognitive load and distinct processing of sensory inputs.
  • Olfactory cues remain valuable for landmark-based wayfinding despite switching challenges.