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Updated: Sep 6, 2025

Multiplexed Immunofluorescence Analysis and Quantification of Intratumoral PD-1+ Tim-3+ CD8+ T Cells
Published on: February 8, 2018
Intratumoural immunotherapy: activation of nucleic acid sensing pattern recognition receptors
Sudhir Agrawal1,2, Ekambar R Kandimalla2
1University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Medicine, Worcester, USA.
Abstract:
Recently, it has become clear that the tumour microenvironment (TME) is important in cancer immunotherapy. While immune checkpoint inhibitors are effective for some patients, the heterogeneous nature and status of the TME ('cold' tumours) play a critical role in suppressing antitumour immunity in non-responding patients. Converting 'cold' to 'hot' tumours through modulation of the TME may enable expansion of the therapeutic efficacy of immunotherapy to a broader patient population. This paper describes advances in intratumoural immunotherapy, specifically activation of nucleic acid sensing pattern recognition receptors to modulate the TME.
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