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The skin is divided into epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, the skin's outermost, middle, and inner layers. The human epidermal layer regularly undergoes renewal, where old, dead cells are replaced by new cells. Epidermal stem cells or EpiSCs divide and differentiate to restore the lost cells. For the renewal process, some EpiSCs continuously self-renew. In contrast, few others differentiate into transit-amplifying cells, which later form prickle or spinous cells, followed by granular...
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Epidermal stem cells (EpiSCs) are mainly located at the basal layer of the epidermis. These cells repair minor injuries of the skin and replace dead skin cells. However, EpiSCs’ cannot heal severe wounds such as major burns or those from diabetes or hereditary disorders. In such cases, culturing the epidermal stem cells from the patient is possible and has yielded successful treatment options, such as laboratory-grown skin grafts. These grafts are synthesized using a patient’s own...
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Papillary Dermis01:11

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Dermis
The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
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A sebaceous gland is a type of oil gland found almost all over the skin ( except palms and soles) and helps lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair. Most sebaceous glands are associated with hair follicles. They generate and excrete sebum, a mixture of lipids, onto the skin surface, thereby naturally lubricating the dry and dead layer of keratinized cells of the stratum corneum, keeping it pliable.
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The epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin, is composed of several distinct layers. From deep to superficial, the layers of the epidermis are as follows:
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Cells of the Epidermis01:24

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The epidermis is made of four or five layers of epithelial cells, depending on its location in the body. From deep to superficial, these layers are the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.
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Cetacean epidermal specialization: A review.

Gopinathan K Menon1, Peter M Elias1,2, Joan S Wakefield2

  • 1Department of Birds & Mammals, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, USA.

Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia
|June 27, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cetacean skin adaptations are crucial for marine life, offering protection against pollutants and extreme conditions. Research highlights unique cellular and molecular features, including novel barrier functions and metabolic strategies.

Keywords:
adaptationcetaceanepidermisevolutionstratum externum

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Area of Science:

  • Marine Biology
  • Dermatology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Cetacean skin is a primary defense against environmental stressors like pollutants.
  • Research on lipo-keratinocytes, key epidermal cells, often focuses narrowly on permeability barriers.
  • A comprehensive review of cetacean skin's functional biology is needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize recent research on cetacean skin's functional biology.
  • To explore cellular, genetic, and molecular adaptations to aquatic life.
  • To correlate these adaptations with the cetacean permeability barrier's function.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research on cetacean skin.
  • Analysis of cellular, genetic, and molecular adaptations.
  • Correlation of structural and metabolic adaptations with barrier functions.

Main Results:

  • Cetacean epidermis exhibits unique structural and metabolic adaptations for aquatic life.
  • Secondary barriers protect against biofouling and cold, complementing blubber insulation.
  • Apparent contradictions in gene loss data for lipogenic enzymes and desmocollin/desmoplakin warrant re-evaluation.

Conclusions:

  • Cetacean skin possesses specialized adaptations for survival in marine environments.
  • Further investigation is required to reconcile genetic data with observed protein expression and function.
  • Understanding these adaptations is vital for appreciating cetacean resilience.