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The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
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Uroflowmetry is a non-invasive urodynamic test designed to measure various aspects of urination, including volume, flow rate, and the time to void. This test is crucial for diagnosing and assessing conditions such as bladder outlet obstruction, bladder dysfunction, incomplete bladder emptying, incontinence, and urinary tract blockages caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and urethral strictures.Pre-Test Instructions:Before a uroflowmetry test, patients are typically advised to drink...
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Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography01:22

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Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 6, 2025

A Decentralized Ex Vivo Murine Bladder Model with the Detrusor Muscle Removed for Direct Access to the Suburothelium during Bladder Filling
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Hydraulic Detrusor for Artificial Bladder Active Voiding.

Giada Casagrande1, Michele Ibrahimi1, Federica Semproni1

  • 1The Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pontedera, Italy.

Soft Robotics
|June 27, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed hydraulic artificial detrusor prototypes for artificial bladders (AB) to enable controlled voiding after bladder removal. The best design achieved up to 99% voiding efficiency, offering a promising alternative to current treatments.

Keywords:
artificial bladderartificial detrusorbellows actuatorhydraulic actuationimplantable medical deviceorigami actuator

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Urology
  • Prosthetics

Background:

  • Radical cystectomy, the standard treatment for bladder cancer, involves bladder removal and urinary diversion, leading to complications and loss of controlled voiding.
  • Current artificial bladder substitution systems face challenges and are not yet viable options for patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate hydraulic artificial detrusor prototypes for controlled voiding in artificial bladders (AB).
  • To optimize actuator designs (origami and bellows) and arrangements for maximum voiding efficiency and minimal fluid volume.
  • To create an implantable electrohydraulic circuit for actuator operation.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of artificial bladders, actuators, and reservoirs using biocompatible thermoplastic materials and heat-sealing.
  • Development of an ad hoc electrohydraulic circuit for liquid transfer between components.
  • Benchtop experiments assessing voiding efficiency across different actuator types, arrangements, and simulated patient positions (horizontal, 45° tilted, vertical).

Main Results:

  • The optimal design utilized two bellows actuators anchored to the artificial bladder.
  • This configuration achieved high voiding efficiencies: 99% (vertical), 99% (45° tilted), and 89% (horizontal).
  • Voiding time was significantly reduced compared to an unactuated bladder across all tested positions.

Conclusions:

  • Hydraulic artificial detrusor prototypes, particularly the bellows actuator design, demonstrate high voiding efficiency for artificial bladders.
  • This technology offers a potential solution for controlled voiding, addressing limitations of current bladder cancer treatments.
  • Further development could lead to improved quality of life for patients requiring bladder substitution.