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Lysogenic Cycle of Bacteriophages00:43

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In contrast to the lytic cycle, phages infecting bacteria via the lysogenic cycle do not immediately kill their host cell. Instead, they combine their genome with the host genome, allowing the bacteria to replicate the phage DNA along with the bacterial genome. The incorporated copy of the phage genome is called the prophage. Some prophages can re-activate and enter the lytic cycle. This often occurs in response to a perturbation, such as DNA damage, but can also transpire in the absence of...
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The lysogenic cycle is a crucial viral replication strategy that allows bacteriophages to persist within host cells without immediately destroying them. This process is primarily observed in temperate phages, such as bacteriophage lambda (λ), which infects Escherichia coli. The cycle allows the viral genome to persist across bacterial generations while keeping host cells viable.Integration of the Viral GenomeUpon infection, bacteriophage lambda attaches to the bacterial surface and injects...
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Lytic Cycle of Bacteriophages01:30

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Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are specialized viruses that infect bacteria. A key characteristic of phages is their distinctive “head-tail” morphology. A phage begins the infection process (i.e., lytic cycle) by attaching to the outside of a bacterial cell. Attachment is accomplished via proteins in the phage tail that bind to specific receptor proteins on the outer surface of the bacterium. The tail injects the phage’s DNA genome into the bacterial cytoplasm. In the...
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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria, utilizing their genetic material to hijack host cellular machinery for replication. DNA bacteriophages employ single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes. These phages exhibit diverse replication strategies and host interactions, influencing their ecological roles and applications in biotechnology and medicine.ssDNA BacteriophagesssDNA phages, with their small genomes, utilize unique strategies to...
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Viral Replication: Lytic Cycle01:20

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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria. Among them, T-even bacteriophages, such as T4, exhibit a well-characterized lytic replication cycle in Escherichia coli (E. coli). This process ensures the rapid proliferation of the virus while ultimately leading to the destruction of the bacterial host.Attachment and DNA InjectionThe infection process begins with the recognition and binding of the T4 phage to the E. coli cell surface. Tail fibers of the phage...
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Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome...
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Phage-host coevolution in natural populations.

Damien Piel1,2, Maxime Bruto2, Yannick Labreuche1,2

  • 1Ifremer, Unité Physiologie Fonctionnelle des Organismes Marins, ZI de la Pointe du Diable, Plouzané, France.

Nature Microbiology
|June 27, 2022
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bacteriophages and bacteria evolve together, with phages adapting to bacterial defenses. Mobile genetic elements drive these coevolutionary arms races, shaping phage-host interactions in wild populations.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Bacteriophages (phages) and their bacterial hosts engage in continuous coevolution.
  • This dynamic involves reciprocal adaptations in resistance and counter-resistance mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate phage-host evolution in natural populations of Vibrio crassostreae.
  • To understand the genetic basis of phage adaptation and bacterial defense systems.

Main Methods:

  • Isolation of Vibrio crassostreae strains and vibriophages from an oyster farm over a 5-month period.
  • Large-scale cross-infection studies (81,926 pairs) to map host-phage interactions.
  • Genomic analysis to identify defense systems and phage adaptation mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • A modular host-phage interaction network was identified, demonstrating local adaptation.
  • Bacterial defense systems, often on mobile genetic elements, restrict phage propagation.
  • Phages adapt to bacterial defenses via epigenetic and genomic modifications, altering host range.

Conclusions:

  • Bacterial defense evolution and phage counter-defense are driven by frequent genetic exchanges on mobile genetic elements.
  • Local adaptation and modularity characterize phage-host interactions in wild populations.
  • Understanding these dynamics is crucial for microbial ecology and phage therapy development.