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Highly distinct genetic programs for peripheral nervous system formation in chordates.

Rafath Chowdhury1, Agnès Roure2, Yann le Pétillon2

  • 1Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins (BIOM), F-66650, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France. rafath.chowdhury@obs-banyuls.fr.

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Peripheral nervous system (PNS) development differs between vertebrates and invertebrate chordates. This study suggests ancestral PNS gene networks were redeployed in vertebrates, potentially explaining differences in PNS formation.

Keywords:
AmphioxusAscidianChordatesEvoDevoGene regulatory networkPeripheral nervous systemsensory neurons

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Vertebrates form their peripheral nervous system (PNS) from neural crest and ectodermal placodes.
  • In contrast, invertebrate chordates like amphioxus and ascidians develop a significant portion of their PNS from the ventral ectoderm.
  • Both groups utilize a biphasic mechanism involving BMP signaling and the Notch pathway for ventral PNS formation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the molecular control of ventral PNS formation in ascidians and amphioxus.
  • To test the hypothesis of homology between invertebrate ventral PNS and vertebrate PNS.
  • To understand the evolutionary origins of the vertebrate PNS.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of ventral PNS development in Phallusia mammillata (ascidian) and Branchiostoma lanceolatum (amphioxus).
  • Utilized timed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to identify novel ventral PNS markers.
  • Extensively mapped the expression patterns of orthologous and paralogous genes.

Main Results:

  • Identified novel molecular markers for ventral PNS development in both species.
  • Observed limited shared gene expression in the ventral PNS of ascidians and amphioxus.
  • Found that a substantial proportion of orthologous genes in the ventral PNS are expressed in the dorsally forming PNS of vertebrates.

Conclusions:

  • The low conservation of gene expression suggests potential non-homology or significant regulatory divergence of ventral PNS between ascidians and amphioxus.
  • Homology exists between genes of the invertebrate ventral PNS and the vertebrate dorsal PNS.
  • Ancestral sensory neuron gene networks were likely redeployed during vertebrate PNS evolution.