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Related Concept Videos

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Condensins are large protein complexes that use ATP to fuel the assembly of chromosomes during mitosis. They transform the tangled, shapeless mass of post-interphase DNA into individualized chromosomes by compacting, organizing, and segregating chromosomal DNA.
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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase...
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In precipitation gravimetry, the precipitating agent should react specifically or selectively with the analyte. While a specific reagent reacts with the analyte alone, a selective reagent can react with a limited number of chemical species.
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Once a transport vesicle has recognized its target organelle, the vesicular membrane needs to fuse with the target membrane to unload the cargo. Transmembrane proteins called SNAREs present on organelle membranes and their vesicles, mediate vesicle fusion.
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Methods to Classify Cytoplasmic Foci as Mammalian Stress Granules
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Lsm7 phase-separated condensates trigger stress granule formation.

Michelle Lindström1, Lihua Chen2,3, Shan Jiang1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.

Nature Communications
|June 28, 2022
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Summary

Stress granules (SGs) form via Lsm7 phase separation, a key mechanism in cellular stress responses. This discovery offers insights into age-related diseases linked to SG pathology.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Stress granules (SGs) are dynamic, non-membrane-bound organelles crucial for cellular stress adaptation.
  • Dysregulation of SGs is implicated in the pathology of various age-related human diseases.
  • Understanding SG formation mechanisms is vital for therapeutic development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify proteins that co-localize with Pab1 during stress-induced granule formation.
  • To elucidate the role of identified proteins, specifically Lsm7, in the initiation of stress granules.
  • To investigate the biophysical properties and mechanism of Lsm7-mediated SG formation.

Main Methods:

  • Genome-wide imaging-based phenomic screen in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
  • Analysis of protein co-localization with Pab1 under 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) stress.
  • Investigating the role of Lsm7 deletion and its phase separation properties in SG formation.

Main Results:

  • Lsm7 was identified as a Pab1 co-localizing protein essential for SG formation.
  • Deletion of Lsm7 significantly reduced SG assembly under 2-DG stress.
  • Lsm7 undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation, forming foci that act as scaffolds for SG initiation, driven by its intrinsically disordered region and hydrophobic clusters.
  • RNA interactions appear to mediate the seeding of Pab1 demixing by Lsm7 condensates.

Conclusions:

  • Lsm7-mediated phase separation is a novel mechanism for initiating stress granule formation.
  • This mechanism provides critical insights into the fundamental processes of SG assembly.
  • The findings contribute to understanding the molecular basis of SG-associated human diseases.