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Gene-environment interplay in externalizing behavior from childhood through adulthood.

Tina Kretschmer1, Charlotte Vrijen1, Ilja Maria Nolte2

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Genetic nurture did not predict externalizing behavior. A small gene-environment correlation was found, emphasizing early intervention for persistent externalizing problems from childhood to adulthood.

Keywords:
Externalising disorderfamily functioninggene-environment interaction (GxE)longitudinal studiesmolecular genetics

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Area of Science:

  • Behavioral genetics
  • Developmental psychology
  • Psychopathology

Background:

  • Genetic and environmental factors in externalizing problems are often studied independently.
  • This study examines gene-environment interplay from childhood to early adulthood.
  • Investigates genetic nurture and evocative gene-environment correlation in externalizing behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate gene-environment interplay in childhood predicting early adult externalizing behavior.
  • To test genetic nurture: parental genes influencing offspring via environment.
  • To test evocative gene-environment correlation: offspring genes influencing environment via child behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal data from 2,734 Dutch adolescents (ages 11-29) from the TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey.
  • Assessed child externalizing behavior (self/parent report), family dysfunction (parent report), and early adult externalizing behavior (self-report).
  • Constructed genome-wide polygenic scores for externalizing problems for mothers, fathers, and offspring.

Main Results:

  • Offspring polygenic scores and child behavior predicted early adult externalizing problems.
  • Family dysfunction showed a small association with early adult externalizing problems.
  • Parents' polygenic scores did not predict offspring's early adult externalizing behavior, refuting genetic nurture.
  • A small, barely significant evocative gene-environment correlation was found via child behavior.

Conclusions:

  • The study found minimal support for genetic nurture.
  • A very small evocative gene-environment correlation was detected.
  • High stability of externalizing behavior from childhood to adulthood underscores the need for early intervention.