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Updated: Sep 6, 2025

Implementation of a Reference Interferometer for Nanodetection
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Glucose level detection using millimetre-wave metamaterial-inspired resonator.

Suhail Asghar Qureshi1, Zuhairiah Zainal Abidin1, N I M Elamin2

  • 1Advanced Telecommunication Research Center (ATRC), Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia.

Plos One
|June 29, 2022
PubMed
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This study introduces a novel metamaterial sensor for precise, continuous blood glucose monitoring using millimetre-wave frequencies. The sensor accurately detects glucose variations, offering a portable solution for diabetes management.

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Electromagnetics
  • Sensor Technology

Background:

  • Millimetre-wave frequencies offer temperature-insensitivity for accurate glucose detection.
  • Continuous, portable glucose monitoring is crucial for diabetes management.
  • Metamaterials provide unique electromagnetic properties for novel sensor designs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a metamaterial-inspired resonator for sensitive blood glucose detection at millimetre-wave frequencies.
  • To demonstrate the sensor's capability in sensing normal and extreme glucose levels.
  • To validate the sensor's performance for potential use in monitoring diabetic hyperosmolar syndrome.

Main Methods:

  • A five-split-ring resonator operating at 24.9 GHz was designed and simulated.

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  • Blood glucose levels (50–120 mg/dl) were modeled using Debye parameters to represent dielectric properties.
  • The sensor's response was analyzed based on variations in the quality factor and resonant frequency.

    • Main Results:

    • The sensor demonstrated the ability to detect normal blood glucose levels at millimetre-wave frequencies.
    • A high sensitivity of 2.71/mg/dl in the quality factor change was achieved.
    • Linear regression analysis showed an R2 value of 0.9976 for resonant frequency shift with glucose concentration.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed metamaterial sensor effectively detects glucose level variations in blood.
    • The sensor exhibits high sensitivity and linearity, suitable for continuous glucose monitoring.
    • This technology holds promise for real-time monitoring of glucose levels, including in critical conditions like diabetic hyperosmolar syndrome.