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Racial and Ethnic Differences in Fatality Risk From COVID-19
Hoang Nguyen1, Ashleigh Medina2, George Golovko3
1School of Nursing, RISE Center, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
SAGE Open Nursing
|June 30, 2022
Summary
Hispanic and non-Hispanic African American individuals face a higher COVID-19 fatality risk than non-Hispanic White individuals. This disparity persists even after accounting for age, sex, and health conditions, highlighting an urgent need for targeted interventions.
Area of Science:
- Epidemiology
- Public Health
- Health Disparities
Background:
- Studies indicate elevated COVID-19 infection and mortality rates among disadvantaged U.S. populations.
- Racial and ethnic disparities in COVID-19 fatality rates (deaths among infected individuals) require further clarification.
Purpose of the Study:
- To estimate COVID-19 fatality rates across different racial and ethnic groups.
- To assess the impact of pre-existing health conditions on these fatality rate differences.
Main Methods:
- Analysis of electronic health records (EHRs) for 24,834 adults with confirmed COVID-19 infection from pandemic onset to March 28, 2021.
- Calculation of Elixhauser's comorbidity index using ICD-9-CM and ICD-10 codes.
- Logistic regression models used to compare fatality rates between Hispanic, non-Hispanic African American, and non-Hispanic White individuals.
Main Results:
- Age-specific fatality rates showed significant variations across racial and ethnic groups, increasing with age.
- After adjusting for age, sex, and comorbidities, non-Hispanic African Americans (adj. OR=1.85) and Hispanic individuals (adj. OR=1.91) had a significantly higher risk of COVID-19 fatality compared to non-Hispanic Whites.
Conclusions:
- Hispanic and non-Hispanic African American individuals exhibit a higher risk of COVID-19 fatality compared to non-Hispanic White individuals.
- This increased risk is independent of age, sex, and pre-existing health conditions.
- Healthcare providers should address social and cultural barriers to increase vaccination rates in these vulnerable populations.
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