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Related Concept Videos

Aneurysm II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:21

Aneurysm II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

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Thoracic, aortic arch and abdominal aneurysms are significant vascular conditions that can present with various clinical manifestations and lead to serious complications. Understanding these manifestations and the appropriate diagnostic studies is essential for effective management and treatment.Thoracic Aortic AneurysmsThoracic aortic aneurysms often remain asymptomatic until they reach a size that impinges on adjacent structures. They typically cause deep, diffuse chest pain that radiates to...
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Calcium-Scoring CT ScanA calcium-scoring CT scan, also known as coronary artery calcium (CAC) scan, detects calcium deposits in the coronary arteries. This test assesses the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), which can lead to cardiovascular events such as angina, heart failure, and sudden cardiac arrest.A calcium-scoring CT scan is generally recommended for individuals at intermediate risk of CAD without symptoms. It includes:Men aged 40-75 and women aged 50-75: Especially those with a...
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Aortic valve regurgitation (AR) occurs when the aortic valve fails to close properly, allowing blood to flow backward from the aorta into the left ventricle. This backflow can result in two distinct clinical presentations: acute and chronic AR, each characterized by its own set of symptoms and physical findings.Acute Aortic RegurgitationAcute AR presents with a sudden onset of severe symptoms. Patients typically experience profound dyspnea (shortness of breath), chest pain, and signs of left...
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Atherosclerosis is a progressive disorder that leads to the thickening and narrowing of arterial walls due to plaque buildup. This condition can cause various symptoms depending on the arteries affected:Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): This condition affects the coronary arteries and may lead to chest pain (angina), shortness of breath (dyspnea), heart attacks, and other heart disease symptoms.Cerebrovascular Disease: This affects blood flow to the brain, causing transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)...
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Mitral stenosis is a heart condition in which the mitral valve, which allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle, becomes narrowed or stenotic. This narrowing hinders blood flow and leads to clinical symptoms requiring specific medical evaluations and management strategies. The following overview outlines the clinical symptoms, assessments, diagnostic findings, prevention methods, and treatments for mitral stenosis.Clinical ManifestationsDyspnea (shortness of breath): This...
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The most common cardiovascular diagnostic test is an X-ray. It produces images of the heart, blood vessels, and adjacent structures.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 6, 2025

Calcification of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Imaging of Aortic Calcification and Inflammation
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Microcalcification and Thoracic Aortopathy: A Window Into Disease Severity.

Alexander J Fletcher1,2, Jennifer Nash1, Maaz B J Syed1

  • 1British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (A.J.F., J.N., M.B.J.S., N.W., D.E.N.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom.

Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
|June 30, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Medial microcalcification indicates thoracic aortopathy, but severe disease involves elastin loss and reduced calcification. 18F-sodium fluoride PET imaging can noninvasively detect aortic wall changes.

Keywords:
aneurysm, dissectingaorta, thoracicaortic aneurysmcalcinosiselastinsodium fluoridevascular calcification

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Biology
  • Medical Imaging
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Thoracic aortopathy patients face high risks of aortic dissection, mortality, and morbidity.
  • Granular medial calcinosis (medial microcalcification) is linked to thoracic aortopathy, but its role in disease severity is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between medial microcalcification and the severity of thoracic aortopathy.
  • To evaluate 18F-sodium fluoride (18F-NaF) autoradiography as a method to quantify microcalcification in vivo.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 101 thoracic aortic specimens from patients with thoracic aortopathy and control subjects.
  • Histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and nanoindentation were correlated with microcalcification levels.
  • 18F-NaF autoradiography was used to assess microcalcification in aortic tissues.

Main Results:

  • Microcalcification was higher in mild and moderate thoracic aortopathy compared to controls.
  • Increased alkaline phosphatase and osteopontin staining were observed in early aortopathy.
  • Severe degeneration correlated with reduced microcalcification, elastin loss, and decreased tissue elasticity.
  • 18F-NaF autoradiography correlated well with histological microcalcification and identified focal weaknesses.

Conclusions:

  • Medial microcalcification serves as a marker for aortopathy.
  • Severe aortopathy involves loss of elastin and microcalcification.
  • 18F-NaF positron emission tomography is a promising noninvasive imaging tool for detecting aortic wall disruption.