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Related Concept Videos

Anatomical Movements00:51

Anatomical Movements

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Anatomical movements refer to the various actions or motions that can be performed by the body's joints and muscles. These movements are described using specific terms to provide a standardized way of discussing and understanding the range of motion at different joints.
Here are some common anatomical movements:
Flexion and extension motions are in the sagittal (anterior–posterior) plane of motion. These movements take place at the shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, wrist,...
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Muscle Coordination and Action01:24

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Muscle coordination is a complex and finely tuned process essential for smooth and purposeful movements like flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation. The human body orchestrates the actions of various muscles working in concert, each with a specific role. Four functional types describe how muscles work together: agonist, antagonist, synergist, and fixator.
Agonists
Agonist muscles, often called prime movers, are the primary muscles responsible for producing a specific movement....
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Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
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Major Somatic Sensory Pathways01:28

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Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the...
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Muscles that Move the Leg01:23

Muscles that Move the Leg

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The movement of the legs is facilitated by numerous muscles located within the anterior, medial, and posterior compartments of the thigh.
Anterior Compartment
The quadriceps femoris, the most visible muscle of the anterior compartment, is integral for leg extension and thigh flexion. It is formed by merging four distinct muscles — the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris. The quadriceps tendon, a shared tendon of the four quadriceps muscles, is affixed...
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Lenz's Law01:15

Lenz's Law

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The direction in which the induced emf drives the current around a wire loop can be found through the negative sign. However, it is usually easier to determine this direction with Lenz's law, named in honor of its discoverer, Heinrich Lenz (1804–1865). Lenz's law states that the direction of the induced emf drives the current around a wire loop always to oppose the change in magnetic flux that causes the emf.
If a bar magnet is moved toward a coil such that the magnetic flux...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 6, 2025

Simultaneous Scalp Electroencephalography EEG, Electromyography EMG, and Whole-body Segmental Inertial Recording for Multi-modal Neural Decoding
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Simultaneous Scalp Electroencephalography EEG, Electromyography EMG, and Whole-body Segmental Inertial Recording for Multi-modal Neural Decoding

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Encoding arm and leg movements in the same or opposite direction.

Tingting Xie1, Lijuan Wang1

  • 1School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (2006)
|June 30, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Working memory for arm and leg movements depends on encoding direction. Arm movements are best learned in the same direction, while leg movements are best learned in the opposite direction.

Keywords:
Working memory for movementsarm movementsencoding directionleg movements

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Area of Science:

  • Motor control
  • Cognitive neuroscience
  • Human movement science

Background:

  • Working memory is crucial for motor learning and execution.
  • Understanding how different body parts are encoded in working memory is essential for optimizing training strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if working memory performance for arm and leg movements differs based on encoding direction (same vs. opposite).
  • To determine the optimal encoding direction for arm and leg movements in working memory.

Main Methods:

  • Participants performed tasks involving encoding arm and leg movements.
  • Encoding was manipulated to be in the same or opposite direction relative to observed movements.
  • Working memory performance was assessed for each condition.

Main Results:

  • Encoding direction significantly influenced the comparison of working memory performance between arm and leg movements.
  • Arm movements showed better performance when encoded in the same direction.
  • Arm movements performed worse when encoded in the opposite direction, while leg movements showed no difference between same and opposite encoding.

Conclusions:

  • The optimal encoding direction for motor learning varies between arm and leg movements.
  • Same-direction encoding benefits arm movement learning, whereas opposite-direction encoding benefits leg movement learning.
  • Consideration of body-part-specific optimal learning directions is recommended for effective motor skill acquisition.