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Mitochondria

Mitochondria

Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Isolation and Functional Analysis of Mitochondria from Cultured Cells and Mouse Tissue

Isolation and Functional Analysis of Mitochondria from Cultured Cells and Mouse Tissue

Published on: March 23, 2015

Measuring Mitochondrial Function: From Organelle to Organism.

Matthew T Lewis^1,2, Yan Levitsky³, Jason N Bazil³

¹Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)

|June 30, 2022

Summary

This study details methods to measure mitochondrial function, focusing on ATP production and oxygen consumption. Mapping ADP sensitivity reveals how mitochondria sense and meet cellular energy demands, crucial for preventing disease.

Keywords:

ADP sensitivity Aerobic metabolism Bioenergetics Free energy homeostasis Magnetic resonance Oxygen consumption

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Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Isolation and Functional Analysis of Mitochondria from Cultured Cells and Mouse Tissue

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Published on: March 23, 2015

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Author Spotlight: Unveiling Mitochondrial Function and Cellular Metabolic Adaptation in Metabolic Diseases

Author Spotlight: Unveiling Mitochondrial Function and Cellular Metabolic Adaptation in Metabolic Diseases

Published on: October 4, 2024

Area of Science:

Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Physiology
Medical Research

Background:

Mitochondrial energy production is vital for cellular function and overall health.
Deficits in mitochondrial function are linked to various diseases, including cardiovascular, cardiopulmonary, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome.
Current methods often measure maximal oxidative capacity, which may not reflect physiological conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

To outline methods for delineating mitochondrial function through ATP production and oxygen consumption measurements.
To propose a new paradigm focusing on submaximal mitochondrial fluxes and ADP sensitivity.
To establish ADP sensitivity as a key indicator of mitochondria's role in ATP homeostasis.

Main Methods:

Quantifying aerobic ATP production using phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (³¹PMRS) in vivo.
Measuring mitochondrial oxygen consumption via oxygen polarography in isolated mitochondria, cultured cells, and permeabilized fibers.
Employing graded levels of ADP to assess submaximal mitochondrial fluxes and ADP sensitivity.

Main Results:

The study outlines the logic and execution of two primary measurement classes for mitochondrial function.
A focus on submaximal fluxes and ADP sensitivity is proposed as a more physiologically relevant approach.
This approach maps mitochondrial function in relation to cellular energy demands.

Conclusions:

Mitochondrial ADP sensitivity is proposed as a critical function for sensing and matching cellular ATP demands.
Deficits in this mitochondrial sensing role contribute to pathologies seen in metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.
The described measurement strategies provide a framework for assessing mitochondrial bioenergetics in health and disease.