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Effect of Sea Water on Concrete

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Concrete exposed to seawater can undergo degradation like the dissolution of ettringite and gypsum, increasing the material's porosity and decreasing its strength. In contrast, the crystallization of salts within the concrete's pores can cause expansion, particularly above the waterline where evaporation occurs. Nonetheless, this expansion only happens when seawater, enabled by the concrete's permeability, manages to infiltrate the structure.
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The Water Cycle01:00

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The Earth’s hydrosphere includes all of the areas where the storage and movement of water occurs. Since water is the basis of all living processes, the cycling of water is extremely important to ecosystem dynamics.
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Updated: Sep 6, 2025

Evolution of Staircase Structures in Diffusive Convection
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Sea Change.

David Grimm

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |June 30, 2022
    PubMed
    Summary

    Former pirates are assisting scientists in marine conservation efforts. Their unique knowledge aids in understanding and protecting marine ecosystems from illegal activities.

    Area of Science:

    • Marine Biology
    • Oceanography
    • Conservation Science

    Background:

    • Maritime piracy poses significant threats to marine ecosystems and sustainable fishing.
    • Traditional surveillance methods struggle to effectively monitor and combat illegal activities in vast ocean territories.
    • Former pirates possess intimate knowledge of maritime routes, fishing grounds, and illicit operational tactics.

    Discussion:

    • Analyzing how the practical knowledge of former pirates can inform scientific understanding of ocean currents, weather patterns, and marine life.
    • Assessing the reliability and applicability of anecdotal evidence from maritime professionals in scientific contexts.
    • Comparing traditional scientific data collection methods with insights derived from experienced mariners.

    Key Insights:

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  • Former pirates possess unique, long-term observational data on marine environments.
  • Their knowledge can supplement traditional scientific methods in ocean studies.
  • This interdisciplinary approach offers novel perspectives on marine ecosystem dynamics.

    • Outlook:

    • Potential for integrating traditional ecological knowledge from maritime communities into conservation efforts.
    • Developing new methodologies for citizen science in marine research.
    • Enhancing our understanding of historical oceanographic conditions and climate variability.