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  • 1Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, trav. 14, 101, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil.

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Climate change heat waves reduce bullfrog stress response. Repeated heat exposure diminished their ability to cope with new stressors, impacting immune and endocrine functions.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Ecology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Climate change is increasing atmospheric temperatures and extreme heat events.
  • While mean temperature effects are studied, recurrent heat waves' impacts on wildlife are less understood.
  • Amphibians, like bullfrogs, are sensitive to environmental changes, making them key indicator species.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of serial heat wave exposure on bullfrog immune and endocrine systems.
  • To assess how prior heat exposure influences the stress response to a secondary acute stressor.
  • To understand the physiological consequences of climate change-induced extreme temperatures in bullfrogs.

Main Methods:

  • Adult male bullfrogs were exposed to controlled thermal regimes simulating heat waves (varying frequency and duration).
  • Blood samples were collected during heat events and after a restraint stressor.
  • Immune (neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio, bacterial killing) and endocrine (corticosterone, testosterone) variables were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Serial heat exposure did not alter baseline immune or endocrine variables.
  • Previous heat exposure significantly modulated the response to restraint stress.
  • Increased corticosterone and neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio following restraint decreased with higher heat exposure frequency.

Conclusions:

  • Recurrent exposure to extreme heat events diminishes bullfrogs' physiological capacity to respond to novel stressors.
  • This reduced stress responsiveness, a hidden effect of climate change, impairs their ability to cope with environmental challenges.
  • These findings highlight a significant deleterious impact of climate change on wildlife resilience.