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Sleep-Wake Cycles01:24

Sleep-Wake Cycles

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Sleep is an essential physiological process vital to maintaining overall well-being. The reticular activating system (RAS), a network of neurons in the brainstem, regulates wakefulness and sleep. While it may seem passive, sleep consists of distinct cycles, each with its unique characteristics and functions. Two key sleep phases are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and  rapid eye movement (REM).
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Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

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Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
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Seizures: Classification01:13

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Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
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Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep disorder characterized by pervasive, uncontrolled sleepiness and other sleep disturbances. One of its hallmark symptoms is an abrupt transition to REM sleep upon falling asleep, which causes symptoms typically associated with this phase to occur unexpectedly during wakefulness. These include the following symptoms, which typically last from a minute or two to half an hour.
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A synapse is a specialized structure where two neurons connect, allowing them to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron. It is the point of communication between neurons. The term "synapse" is derived from the Greek word "synapsis," which means "conjunction." The entire process of neural communication revolves around the synapse. When activated, a neuron releases chemicals known as neurotransmitters into the synapse. These neurotransmitters cross the synapse and bind to...
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Updated: Sep 6, 2025

Manipulation of Epileptiform Electrocorticograms ECoGs and Sleep in Rats and Mice by Acupuncture
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Relation between orexin A and epileptic seizures.

Gokce Ayhan Arslan1, Serap Saygi1, Ebru Bodur2

  • 1Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Ankara, Turkey.

Epilepsy Research
|June 30, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Orexin levels are lower in epilepsy patients and increase after seizures, suggesting a role in epilepsy pathogenesis. Further research is needed to clarify the orexin-epilepsy connection.

Keywords:
EpilepsyHuman orexinOrexinSeizureSerum orexinSleep

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • The role of hypothalamic neuropeptide orexin in epilepsy pathogenesis remains unclear.
  • While orexin's connection to sleep is established, its specific impact on epilepsy requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between orexin A and seizures occurring during both sleep and wakefulness in patients with epilepsy.
  • To compare orexin levels in patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy and healthy controls.

Main Methods:

  • Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure night basal orexin (NBO) and morning basal orexin (MBO) levels.
  • Serum samples were collected from 40 drug-resistant focal epilepsy patients and 37 healthy controls, including post-seizure samples.

Main Results:

  • Basal orexin levels were significantly lower in epilepsy patients compared to controls (p < 0.001).
  • Orexin levels increased after awake seizures, correlating with shortened seizure duration (p = 0.007).
  • Higher orexin levels were observed after nocturnal seizures in patients with left hemisphere ictal onset or left temporal lobe lesions (p = 0.02; p = 0.01).

Conclusions:

  • Elevated serum orexin levels post-seizure suggest a potential association with epileptogenic effects.
  • Further studies analyzing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) orexin levels are recommended to better understand the orexin-epilepsy relationship.