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Related Concept Videos

Cranial Nerves: Overview and Anatomy01:19

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The cranial nerves are an important part of the complex network of nerves in the human body. These nerves emerge directly from the brain and are responsible for transmitting essential information between the brain and various parts of the head and neck. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, systematically numbered using Roman numerals from I to XII, beginning from the anterior and moving to the posterior of the brain. Each cranial nerve is uniquely identified by names that reflect its function...
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Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves. While the first six innervate the head and neck, the latter six nerves innervate the head and neck, as well as organs and tissues in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. They facilitate communication, expression, and autonomic control within the human body.
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Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves, with the first six being essential in sensory perception, motor control, and autonomic functions related to the head and neck.
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Intra-Operative Neural Monitoring of Thyroid Surgery in a Porcine Model
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Monitoring surgery around the cranial nerves.

Jaime R López1, Alan D Legatt2

  • 1Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|June 30, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring (IONM) effectively assesses cranial nerve (CN) function during surgery. Electromyography (EMG) is crucial for motor CNs, while brainstem auditory evoked potentials monitor CN VIII, enhancing patient safety.

Keywords:
BAEPCranial nervesEMGElectromyographyExtraocular musclesFacial nerveIntraoperative neurophysiologic monitoringMotor functionNeurotonicSkull base surgery

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Neurophysiology
  • Surgical Monitoring

Background:

  • Cranial nerves (CNs) are at risk during various surgical procedures.
  • Intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring (IONM) is vital for assessing and protecting CNs.
  • Current IONM protocols require comprehensive approaches for diverse CN functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the utility of IONM techniques for cranial nerve assessment.
  • To highlight the role of electromyography (EMG) in monitoring motor CNs.
  • To discuss the application of brainstem auditory evoked potentials for CN VIII monitoring.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on IONM for cranial nerves.
  • Analysis of electromyographic (EMG) techniques for motor CN function.
  • Evaluation of brainstem auditory evoked potentials for non-motor CN VIII monitoring.

Main Results:

  • Electromyography (EMG) is a reliable method for monitoring motor CN function during surgery.
  • Brainstem auditory evoked potentials provide accurate monitoring for the non-motor CN VIII.
  • Emerging techniques like corticobulbar motor evoked potentials require further research for clinical application.

Conclusions:

  • EMG is a foundational technique for motor CN IONM within multimodality protocols.
  • Accurate IONM of CNs, including CN VIII, improves surgical safety and patient outcomes.
  • Understanding the neurophysiologic basis of IONM facilitates intraoperative decision-making to prevent nerve injury.