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Related Concept Videos

Veins of Head and Neck01:19

Veins of Head and Neck

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The blood drainage from the head and neck is primarily managed by three pairs of veins: the external jugular, internal jugular, and vertebral veins. The external jugular veins drain superficial scalp and face structures, passing over the sternocleidomastoid muscles to empty into the subclavian veins.
On the other hand, the vertebral veins, unlike their arterial counterparts, are not primarily responsible for brain drainage. Instead, they drain the cervical vertebrae, spinal cord, and some small...
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Arteries of the Head and Neck01:26

Arteries of the Head and Neck

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The human body's intricate network of arteries ensures that every organ system receives the necessary oxygen and nutrients for optimal function. The arterial network in the head and neck region is particularly complex, providing vital blood flow to the brain, eyes, and other critical structures. Prominent arteries in this region include the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries.
The internal carotid arteries supply blood to the anterior portion of the cerebrum. They enter the...
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Muscles that Move the Head01:19

Muscles that Move the Head

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The muscles that move the head are a dynamic and complex group of structures that work together to facilitate a wide range of head movements, including rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending.
The bilateral sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, and the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are significant head flexors. The SCM muscles originate at the sternum and clavicle and attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The SCM contracts bilaterally to bend the head forward, whereas...
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Muscles of the Anterior Neck01:26

Muscles of the Anterior Neck

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The anterior neck muscles are the group of muscles covering the front part of the neck. These muscles are classified into three subgroups. The first one is the superficial muscles, the most visible muscles in the front of the neck. It includes the platysma and sternocleidomastoid. The second group is the suprahyoid muscles, located above the hyoid bone. This group comprises the digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and stylohyoid. Lastly, the infrahyoid muscles are found below the hyoid bone and...
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Peripheral Nervous System: Ganglia and Nerves01:24

Peripheral Nervous System: Ganglia and Nerves

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The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is a crucial component of the body's neural network, extending beyond the central nervous system (CNS) to bridge the gap between the CNS and the external environment. It encompasses nerves, ganglia, and sensory receptors.
Nerves
The nerve is a bundle of axons that serves as the communication highway in the PNS. Each nerve is ensheathed in a protective layer of connective tissue called the epineurium. This outermost layer safeguards the nerve and supports the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 6, 2025

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
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[Modern conceptions on neck paragangliomas].

A V Chupin1, N I Verdikhanov1, A L Golovyuk1

  • 1Vishnevsky National Medical Research Center of Surgery, Moscow, Russia.

Khirurgiia
|July 1, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Neck paragangliomas are rare tumors. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial due to poor survival with metastasis, as no reliable tool predicts malignancy. This review covers current knowledge on neck paragangliomas.

Keywords:
carotid body tumorcarotid paragangliomaneck paragangliomasvagal chemodectomavagal paraganglioma

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Head and Neck Surgery
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Neck paragangliomas are rare, orphan diseases with significant survival differences based on metastasis.
  • Malignant potential prediction remains a challenge, underscoring the need for early detection.
  • Current treatment, primarily surgical resection, carries risks and necessitates a multidisciplinary approach.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of current knowledge regarding neck paragangliomas.
  • To highlight the importance of early diagnosis and timely intervention.
  • To discuss advancements in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of these tumors.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent advancements in neck paraganglioma research.
  • Synthesis of data on epidemiology, clinical presentation, and prognostic factors.
  • Analysis of current diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Main Results:

  • Neck paragangliomas exhibit a wide incidence range (1:30,000–1:100,000).
  • Survival rates are significantly lower with distant metastasis (5-year OS 11.8%) compared to regional metastasis (76.8–82.4%).
  • A reliable tool for predicting malignant potential is currently lacking.

Conclusions:

  • Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are critical for improving outcomes in neck paraganglioma patients.
  • Despite surgical challenges, ongoing research contributes to better understanding and management.
  • This review consolidates modern data, aiding clinicians in managing neck paragangliomas.