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Related Concept Videos

Group Polarization01:01

Group Polarization

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Group polarization is the strengthening of an original group attitude following the discussion of views within a group (Teger & Pruitt, 1967). That is, if a group initially favors a viewpoint, after discussion the group consensus is likely a stronger endorsement of the viewpoint. Conversely, if the group was initially opposed to a viewpoint, group discussion would likely lead to stronger opposition.
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Induced Electric Dipoles01:28

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A permanent electric dipole orients itself along an external electric field. This rotation can be quantified by defining the potential energy because the external torque does work in rotating it. Then, the potential energy is minimum at the parallel configuration and maximum at the antiparallel configuration. While the former is a stable equilibrium, the latter is an unstable equilibrium.
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Dielectric Polarization in a Capacitor01:31

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The presence of a dielectric medium in a capacitor not only changes the voltage and capacitance but also affects the electric field. In general, dielectrics can be of two types: polar and nonpolar. In a polar dielectric, the positive and negative charges in the molecules are separated by a distance and hence have a permanent dipole moment. In contrast, no such charge separation exists in a nonpolar dielectric, however the nonpolar molecules get polarized in the presence of an external electric...
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Potential Due to a Polarized Object01:29

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A neutral atom consists of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by a negatively charged electron cloud. When placed in an external electric field, the external electric force pulls the electrons and nucleus apart, opposite to the intrinsic attraction between the nucleus and the electrons. The opposing forces balance each other with a slight shift between the center of masses of the nucleus and the electron cloud, resulting in a polarized atom. On the other hand, a few molecules, like water,...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
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The operation of a p-n junction diode involves various biasing conditions, including forward bias, reverse bias, and equilibrium.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 6, 2025

Writing Bragg Gratings in Multicore Fibers
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Polarization-insensitive 1D grating coupler based on a zero-birefringence subwavelength corelet waveguide.

Bohan Zhang, Mark Schiller, Kenaish Al Qubaisi

    Optics Letters
    |July 1, 2022
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    We developed a novel polarization-insensitive grating coupler (PIGC) for integrated photonics. This device overcomes the polarization sensitivity of standard couplers, enabling more robust fiber-to-chip connections.

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    Area of Science:

    • Photonics and Optical Engineering
    • Integrated Optics
    • Semiconductor Device Physics

    Background:

    • Grating couplers are essential for vertical fiber-to-chip coupling in integrated photonic circuits.
    • Standard grating coupler designs suffer from high polarization sensitivity, limiting their practical application.
    • This polarization dependence poses a significant challenge for widespread adoption in photonic platforms.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To introduce a new type of 1D polarization-insensitive grating coupler (PIGC).
    • To address the critical need for polarization-independent coupling solutions in integrated photonics.
    • To demonstrate the feasibility of PIGCs in a standard silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform.

    Main Methods:

    • Design of a PIGC utilizing a zero-birefringence subwavelength 'corelet' waveguide.
    • Fabrication of the PIGC on a 45-nm-node monolithic SOI CMOS electronic-photonic platform.
    • Experimental characterization of coupling performance for both transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) polarizations.

    Main Results:

    • Measured insertion losses of 6.7 dB for TE polarization and 6.1 dB for TM polarization.
    • Demonstrated a ±1-dB polarization dependent loss (PDL) bandwidth of 73 nm.
    • Successful coupling in the telecommunications O-band achieved.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed PIGC offers a promising solution for polarization-insensitive fiber-to-chip coupling.
    • This technology enables more reliable and versatile integrated photonic devices.
    • The PIGC is compatible with existing foundry processes, facilitating integration into advanced electronic-photonic systems.