3D spatial genome organization in the nervous system: From development and plasticity to disease

Chromatin is organized into multiscale three-dimensional structures, including chromosome territories, A/B compartments, topologically associating domains, and chromatin loops. This hierarchically organized genomic architecture regulates gene transcription, which, in turn, is essential for various biological processes during brain development and adult plasticity. Here, we review different aspects of spatial genome organization and their functions in regulating gene expression in the nervous system, as well as their dysregulation in brain disorders. We also highlight new technologies to probe and manipulate chromatin architecture and discuss how investigating spatial genome organization can lead to a better understanding of the nervous system and associated disorders.