Airway abnormalities associated with congenital heart disease

Airway abnormalities are important but sometimes overlooked problems in children with congenital heart disease. It is often difficult to separate symptoms related to cardiac disease from those associated with airway or lung disease. Some of the lesions are incidental while others cause significant symptoms and are important in overall functional outcome. Congenital and acquired as well as intrinsic and extrinsic lesions occur and can overlap. We review and illustrate these lesions here. Imaging plays a crucial role in diagnosing and assessing the severity of airway abnormalities and guiding medical and surgical management decisions.