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A number of natural and synthetic materials exhibit selective permeation, meaning that only molecules or ions of a certain size, shape, polarity, charge, and so forth, are capable of passing through (permeating) the material. Biological cell membranes provide elegant examples of selective permeation in nature, while dialysis tubing used to remove metabolic wastes from blood is a more simplistic technological example. Regardless of how they may be fabricated, these materials are generally...
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Regulation of Water Intake01:25

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Osmolality refers to the number of solute particles per kilogram of solvent in a solution. Plasma osmolality specifically indicates the total number of solute particles per kilogram of water in blood plasma. This value reflects the body's hydration status and is tightly regulated through mechanisms controlling water intake and output. While water consumption is a conscious decision, the body has intrinsic regulatory systems to maintain fluid balance. Dehydration, a state of water deficit...
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Osmosis01:30

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Osmosis is the movement of free water molecules through a semipermeable membrane.  The water's concentration gradient across the membrane is inversely proportional to the solutes' concentration. Whereas diffusion transports material across membranes and within cells, osmosis transports only water across a membrane, and the membrane limits the diffusion of solutes in the water. Osmosis is a special case of diffusion.
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Tonicity in Animals00:59

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Osmolarity is the measure of solute concentration in a solution. It plays a critical role in determining water availability for organisms. Water moves across semipermeable membranes through osmosis, flowing from regions of lower solute concentration (more dilute) to regions of higher solute concentration (more concentrated).In high-solute environments, microbial cells lose water, leading to dehydration and inhibited growth. The extent to which water is available to microbes in such environments...
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A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent and a solute combine, they form a solution - a homogenous mixture of both the solvent and the solute. Water is a universal biological solvent. Its polar structure allows it to dissolve many other polar compounds. The ability of water to dissolve is governed by a balance between water molecules binding to each other and binding to the solute.
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Monitoring the Effect of Osmotic Stress on Secretory Vesicles and Exocytosis
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Serum osmolality and hyperosmolar states.

Bahar Büyükkaragöz1, Sevcan A Bakkaloğlu2

  • 1Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Gazi University, 06560, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey. karamanbahar@yahoo.com.

Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany)
|July 2, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Serum osmolality, a key blood measure, reflects dissolved particles and impacts water balance. Understanding the osmolal gap aids in diagnosing serious conditions like intoxications and hyperosmolar states.

Keywords:
Blood tonicityChildrenHyperosmolar statesOsmolal gapSerum osmolalitySerum osmolarity

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology and Endocrinology
  • Clinical Chemistry
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Serum osmolality is determined by dissolved particles, with sodium being the primary determinant under normal conditions.
  • Effective blood osmolality (tonicity) influences water shifts between body compartments to maintain balance.
  • The osmolal gap, the difference between measured and calculated osmolality, can indicate the presence of unmeasured solutes.

Approach:

  • This review details the causes and management of hyperosmolar conditions.
  • It emphasizes the clinical significance of serum osmolality and osmolal gap determination.
  • The review covers hypernatremia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome, hypertonic treatments, and intoxications.

Key Points:

  • Disorders of sodium, glucose, and water balance, kidney diseases, and poisonings are diagnosed using serum osmolality and osmolal gap.
  • Hypertonic states significantly affect brain cells, potentially causing severe neurological symptoms.
  • Prompt diagnosis and management of hypertonicity are crucial due to potentially life-threatening outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Hyperosmolar conditions necessitate prompt diagnosis and careful management.
  • Increased awareness of the causes and treatment strategies for hyperosmolar states is vital.
  • Understanding serum osmolality and osmolal gap is critical for managing various clinical conditions and preventing severe neurological consequences.