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Related Concept Videos

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide02:44

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

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Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
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Energy production within a cell involves many coordinated chemical pathways. Most of these pathways are combinations of oxidation and reduction reactions, which occur at the same time. An oxidation reaction strips an electron from an atom in a compound, and the addition of this electron to another compound is a reduction reaction. Because oxidation and reduction usually occur together, these pairs of reactions are called redox reactions.
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Oxymercuration–reduction of alkenes is one of the major reactions converting alkenes to alcohols. It involves the hydration of alkenes with mercuric acetate in a mixture of tetrahydrofuran and water, forming an organomercury adduct. This is followed by a demercuration step in which the adduct is reduced to an alcohol using sodium borohydride.
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Alkenes can be dihydroxylated using potassium permanganate.  The method encompasses the reaction of an alkene with a cold, dilute solution of potassium permanganate under basic conditions to form a cis-diol along with a brown precipitate of manganese dioxide.
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Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
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Bio-inspired CO2 reduction reaction catalysis using soft-oxometalates.

Joyeeta Lodh1, Soumyajit Roy1

  • 1Eco-Friendly Applied Materials Laboratory, Materials Science Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, 741246, West Bengal, India.

Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry
|July 5, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Formate dehydrogenase enzymes catalyze carbon dioxide reduction. This research explores soft-oxometalates and macrocycles as stable, reusable alternatives for enzyme immobilization in CO2 valorization.

Keywords:
Bio-inspired catalysisCarbon Dioxide Reduction Reaction (CO2RR) reduce carbon dioxide to low emission high energy fuel such as formic acid, methanol, ethanol using different external stimuli such as light or electricityFormate Dehydrogenase (FDH) is a biological enzyme which catalyses reversible inetrconversion between carbon dioxide and formatePolyoxometalates (POMs)Soft-oxometalates (SOMs)

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Area of Science:

  • Biocatalysis and Bioinorganic Chemistry
  • Materials Science for Catalysis
  • Sustainable Chemistry and CO2 Valorization

Background:

  • Formate dehydrogenase (FDH) enzymes catalyze the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) to formic acid, a key reaction for CO2 valorization.
  • Conventional enzyme immobilization methods for FDH face challenges like leaching, mass transfer limitations, and reduced activity.
  • There is a need for robust and efficient immobilization strategies to enhance the stability and reusability of FDH for industrial applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the potential of soft-oxometalates and macrocycles as advanced alternatives for Formate Dehydrogenase immobilization.
  • To compare the CO2 reduction mechanisms and stability of FDH enzymes with their synthetic counterparts.
  • To provide a comprehensive overview of CO2 valorization strategies inspired by enzymatic processes.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated metal-containing (Mo- or W-) NAD+-linked Formate Dehydrogenases and their CO2 reduction capabilities.
  • Evaluated soft-oxometalates (e.g., {Mo132}, {Mo154}, {MoV9}) and metal-based macrocycles (Co, Mn Corroles) as immobilization matrices.
  • Compared the mechanistic pathways and stability of enzymes with tailored synthetic systems.
  • Summarized photochemical, electrochemical, and systems chemistry approaches for CO2 valorization.

Main Results:

  • Soft-oxometalates and macrocycles exhibit CO2 reduction properties and mechanisms analogous to metal-based Formate Dehydrogenases.
  • These synthetic systems offer potential advantages over conventional enzyme immobilization techniques.
  • The study highlights the structural, property, and mechanistic parallels between enzymatic and synthetic CO2 reduction catalysts.

Conclusions:

  • Soft-oxometalates and macrocycles represent a promising avenue for developing efficient and stable bio-inspired CO2 reduction systems.
  • These findings contribute to the ongoing pursuit of CO2 valorization through both enzymatic and artificial catalytic approaches.
  • The insights gained could facilitate the design of artificial cell automata and systems for artificial life.