Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

1.9K
The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
1.9K
Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide02:44

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

10.8K
Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
10.8K
Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids02:04

Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids

6.1K
Diols are compounds with two hydroxyl groups. In addition to syn dihydroxylation, diols can also be synthesized through the process of anti dihydroxylation. The process involves treating an alkene with a peroxycarboxylic acid to form an epoxide. Epoxides are highly strained three-membered rings with oxygen and two carbons occupying the corners of an equilateral triangle. This step is followed by ring-opening of the epoxide in the presence of an aqueous acid to give a trans diol.
6.1K
Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

3.4K
In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox...
3.4K
Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview01:26

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

2.4K
Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
2.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Multi-applications and Aquaculture of Seaweeds: Environmental Improvement, Health Benefit, and Sustainable Valorization with Integrated Artificial Intelligence.

Applied biochemistry and biotechnology·2026
Same author

Interfacial Nucleation Pathways Governing Polymorph Selection Revealed by Synchrotron-Based <i>In Situ</i> GIWAXS and Molecular Simulations.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same author

Molecular Evaluation of Rifampicin and Isoniazid Resistance in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Using Cartridge-Based Nucleic Acid Amplification Test and Line Probe Assay.

Cureus·2026
Same author

Air quality management during the G20 summit: strategies for urban pollution reduction.

Environmental monitoring and assessment·2026
Same author

Plasmonic Hot-Electron Transfer in Gold-Nanostar-Conjugated Poly(heptazine imide) Photocatalyst.

Nano letters·2026
Same author

Computational design and immunoinformatic validation of a multistage mRNA vaccine candidate against <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>.

In silico pharmacology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 6, 2025

Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions
10:21

Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions

Published on: October 5, 2019

8.5K

Enhanced H2O2 Production via Photocatalytic O2 Reduction over Structurally-Modified Poly(heptazine imide).

Pankaj Sharma1,2, Thomas J A Slater1, Monika Sharma3

  • 1Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom.

Chemistry of Materials : a Publication of the American Chemical Society
|July 5, 2022
PubMed
Summary

A novel catalyst, alkali metal-halide modulated poly(heptazine imide) (MX → PHI), significantly boosts solar hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production. This green method offers a superior alternative to industrial processes.

More Related Videos

Photochemical Oxidative Growth of Iridium Oxide Nanoparticles on CdSe@CdS Nanorods
05:41

Photochemical Oxidative Growth of Iridium Oxide Nanoparticles on CdSe@CdS Nanorods

Published on: February 11, 2016

9.7K
Preparation of Polyoxometalate-based Photo-responsive Membranes for the Photo-activation of Manganese Oxide Catalysts
05:47

Preparation of Polyoxometalate-based Photo-responsive Membranes for the Photo-activation of Manganese Oxide Catalysts

Published on: August 7, 2018

7.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 6, 2025

Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions
10:21

Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions

Published on: October 5, 2019

8.5K
Photochemical Oxidative Growth of Iridium Oxide Nanoparticles on CdSe@CdS Nanorods
05:41

Photochemical Oxidative Growth of Iridium Oxide Nanoparticles on CdSe@CdS Nanorods

Published on: February 11, 2016

9.7K
Preparation of Polyoxometalate-based Photo-responsive Membranes for the Photo-activation of Manganese Oxide Catalysts
05:47

Preparation of Polyoxometalate-based Photo-responsive Membranes for the Photo-activation of Manganese Oxide Catalysts

Published on: August 7, 2018

7.8K

Area of Science:

  • Green Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Photocatalysis

Background:

  • Traditional industrial hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production methods, such as the anthraquinone process, face environmental and efficiency challenges.
  • Direct synthesis of H2O2 from H2 and O2 also presents limitations.
  • Photocatalytic H2O2 production offers a sustainable alternative, but catalyst efficiency needs improvement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a highly efficient and stable photocatalyst for solar-driven H2O2 production.
  • To investigate the structure-activity relationship of engineered carbon nitride materials for enhanced photocatalysis.
  • To establish a green and eco-friendly alternative to conventional H2O2 synthesis.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of structurally engineered alkali metal-halide modulated poly(heptazine imide) (MX → PHI) catalysts.
  • Photocatalytic evaluation of H2O2 production rates under UV-visible and visible light irradiation.
  • Characterization of catalyst properties including light absorption, band structure, and surface features using spectroscopic techniques.
  • Determination of apparent quantum yields (AQY) at different wavelengths.

Main Results:

  • MX → PHI achieved a record H2O2 production rate of 73.4 mM h-1 with a sacrificial donor.
  • The catalyst demonstrated significantly higher production rates compared to pristine carbon nitride (150x under UV-Vis, >4250x under visible light).
  • Record apparent quantum yields (AQY) of 96% at 365 nm and 21% at 450 nm were achieved.
  • Structural modifications, including broader light absorption, tailored bandgap, and enhanced charge separation, were identified as key factors for high activity.

Conclusions:

  • Alkali metal-halide modulation of poly(heptazine imide) creates a highly photoactive catalyst for efficient solar H2O2 production.
  • The engineered catalyst outperforms existing carbon nitride, metal oxide, metal sulfide, and metal-organic photocatalysts.
  • The enhanced performance is attributed to synergistic effects of structural and electronic properties, including improved light harvesting and charge carrier dynamics.
  • This work presents a promising green and sustainable pathway for H2O2 synthesis.