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Tumor Immunotherapy

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

The Tumor Microenvironment

The Tumor Microenvironment

Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 6, 2025

Microfluidic Co-Culture Models for Dissecting the Immune Response in in vitro Tumor Microenvironments

Microfluidic Co-Culture Models for Dissecting the Immune Response in in vitro Tumor Microenvironments

Published on: April 30, 2021

Modelling the tumor immune microenvironment for precision immunotherapy.

Nathan J Mackenzie^1,2, Clarissa Nicholls^1,2, Abby R Templeton^1,2,3

¹School of Biomedical Sciences at Translational Research Institute (TRI) Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane QLD Australia.

Clinical & Translational Immunology

|July 5, 2022

Summary

The tumor microenvironment (TME) significantly impacts cancer treatment. Advanced patient-derived models, including organoids, are improving personalized immunotherapy prediction for solid tumors.

Keywords:

co‐culture immunotherapy immuno‐oncology patient‐derived explants patient‐derived organoids precision medicine

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Last Updated: Sep 6, 2025

Microfluidic Co-Culture Models for Dissecting the Immune Response in in vitro Tumor Microenvironments

Microfluidic Co-Culture Models for Dissecting the Immune Response in in vitro Tumor Microenvironments

Published on: April 30, 2021

Predictive Immune Modeling of Solid Tumors

Predictive Immune Modeling of Solid Tumors

Published on: February 25, 2020

Enrichment and Characterization of the Tumor Immune and Non-immune Microenvironments in Established Subcutaneous Murine Tumors

Enrichment and Characterization of the Tumor Immune and Non-immune Microenvironments in Established Subcutaneous Murine Tumors

Published on: June 7, 2018

Area of Science:

Oncology
Immunology
Bioengineering

Background:

The tumor microenvironment (TME) comprises diverse cellular and acellular components influencing cancer progression and treatment response.
Current cancer therapies primarily target tumor cells, yet dysregulated TME populations significantly affect outcomes.
Understanding drug-TME interactions is crucial for refining antineoplastic treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

To review advances in immuno-oncology and patient-derived models for personalized immunotherapy.
To explore the role of the TME in anticancer treatment efficacy.
To compare 2D and 3D modeling approaches for rationalizing immunotherapy.

Main Methods:

Review of recent developments in immuno-oncology and bioengineering.
Analysis of patient-derived models such as organoids and explant cultures.
Comparison of immunological targets and 2D/3D modeling strategies.

Main Results:

Immuno-oncology and patient-derived models enhance personalized immunotherapy prediction for solid tumors.
These models offer insights into drug-TME interactions and target identification.
Challenges remain in developing accurate in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo models of the TME.

Conclusions:

Advances in patient-derived models and immuno-oncology are transforming personalized cancer treatment.
Integrating the autologous TME into predictive models is key for future therapeutic strategies.
Further development of sophisticated models is needed to fully capture TME complexity and improve treatment efficacy.