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Related Concept Videos

Crossover Experiments01:16

Crossover Experiments

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Crossover experiments, also called the repeated-measurements design, is a study design in which all experimental units are exposed to all treatments in different periods. Crossover experiments are generally used in psychology, the pharmaceutical industry, agriculture, and medicine.
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Substance Use Disorders Affecting Sleep01:24

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Substance use disorders involve a pattern of using drugs more extensively than intended and continuing use despite harmful consequences. This includes legal substances like alcohol and nicotine, as well as illegal drugs. These disorders often involve both physical and psychological dependence, reflecting compulsive use of substances that significantly alter thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, contributing to a major public health issue.
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Combined Effects of Drugs: Synergism01:27

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Synergism is a useful mechanism where combining two or more drugs is more effective than each constituent used alone. Such combinations are also called supra-additive interactions. The drugs collectively enhance the final therapeutic effect by acting on different targets. Another advantage is that the low dose of each constituent drug is sufficient to achieve the desired effect. This helps reduce the duration of therapy and lower the adverse effects of these drugs.
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Drug Control Governance: Regulatory Bodies and Their Impact01:03

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Drug control governance involves the oversight and regulation of pharmaceuticals to ensure their safety and efficacy while preventing illegal drug use and trafficking. Regulatory bodies, including the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Union's European Medicines Agency (EMA), play a central role in this process. These agencies evaluate the safety and efficacy of drugs before they can be marketed. They fund clinical trials and assess the benefits and risks associated with...
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Combined Effects of Drugs: Antagonism01:30

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The combined effects of drugs can result in various interactions, of which an important type is antagonism. Antagonism is a mechanism where one drug inhibits or counteracts the effects of another drug. Antagonism can occur through various means, including receptor binding, allosteric modulation, functional interaction, chemical reactions, and pharmacokinetic processes.
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Predicting Products: Substitution vs. Elimination02:52

Predicting Products: Substitution vs. Elimination

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When a nucleophile and an alkyl halide react, nucleophilic substitution and β-elimination reactions compete to generate products.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 5, 2025

Applying Cheminformatics to Develop a Structure Searchable Database of Analytical Methods
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Applying Cheminformatics to Develop a Structure Searchable Database of Analytical Methods

Published on: June 6, 2025

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Substance-related cross-commodity purchase tasks: A systematic review.

Sarah C Weinsztok1, Derek D Reed1, Michael Amlung1

  • 1Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment.

Psychology of Addictive Behaviors : Journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors
|July 5, 2022
PubMed
Summary

This review of cross-commodity purchase tasks shows that e-cigarettes substitute for traditional cigarettes and cannabis can substitute for itself. These findings have implications for drug use treatment and harm reduction strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Behavioral Economics
  • Addiction Science
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Drug use is a choice influenced by available alternatives.
  • Cross-commodity purchase tasks assess drug demand with competing options.
  • Understanding substitution and complementarity is key to drug use research.

Approach:

  • Systematic review adhering to PRISMA guidelines.
  • Screened 456 records, finalized 35 studies.
  • Focused on human participant cross-commodity purchase task studies.

Key Points:

  • Tobacco and nicotine products were most studied.
  • E-cigarettes and e-liquids substitute for traditional cigarettes.
  • Cannabis (legal/illegal) showed substitutability; alcohol and cannabis were complementary.

Conclusions:

  • Results inform drug treatment and harm reduction.
  • Future research should explore understudied drug categories and ecological validity.
  • Recommendations provided for future cross-commodity purchase task research.