Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Steps in Outbreak Investigation01:18

Steps in Outbreak Investigation

182
In the ever-evolving field of public health, statistical analysis serves as a cornerstone for understanding and managing disease outbreaks. By leveraging various statistical tools, health professionals can predict potential outbreaks, analyze ongoing situations, and devise effective responses to mitigate impact. For that to happen, there are a few possible stages of the analysis:
182
Genetic Drift03:33

Genetic Drift

40.6K
Natural selection—probably the most well-known evolutionary mechanism—increases the prevalence of traits that enhance survival and reproduction. However, evolution does not merely propagate favorable traits, nor does it always benefit populations.
40.6K
Confounding in Epidemiological Studies01:27

Confounding in Epidemiological Studies

258
Confounding in statistical epidemiology represents a pivotal challenge, referring to the distortion in the perceived relationship between an exposure and an outcome due to the presence of a third variable, known as a confounder. This variable is associated with both the exposure and the outcome but is not a direct link in their causal chain. Its presence can lead to erroneous interpretations of the exposure's effect, either exaggerating or underestimating the true association. This...
258
Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift01:09

Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift

59.4K
In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).
59.4K
Transduction01:16

Transduction

93
Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome...
93
Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

22.2K
When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
22.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Adaptive multi-model ensembles for improved epidemic projections and decision support.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2026
Same author

A high-resolution, US-scale digital similar of interacting livestock, wild birds, and human ecosystems for multihost epidemic spread.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same author

Assessing the Impact of Timing and Coverage of United States COVID-19 Vaccination Campaigns: A Multi-Model Approach.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2026
Same author

Integrated framework to study genomic surveillance of selective sweeps in multivariants dynamics.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same author

Evaluation of Remotely Sensed Inundation Data Sets to Estimate Flood-Associated Emergency Department Visits After Hurricane Harvey.

GeoHealth·2025
Same author

Scenario Projections of COVID-19 Burden in the US, 2024-2025.

JAMA network open·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 5, 2025

Digital PCR-based Competitive Index for High-throughput Analysis of Fitness in Salmonella
07:11

Digital PCR-based Competitive Index for High-throughput Analysis of Fitness in Salmonella

Published on: May 13, 2019

9.7K

Heterogeneous adaptive behavioral responses may increase epidemic burden.

Baltazar Espinoza1, Samarth Swarup2, Christopher L Barrett2

  • 1Network Systems Science and Advanced Computing Division, Biocomplexity Institute, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA. baltazar.espinoza@virginia.edu.

Scientific Reports
|July 5, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Individual behavior significantly impacts epidemic spread. Heterogeneous risk perceptions can worsen epidemic outcomes, highlighting the need for tailored non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) based on population structure.

More Related Videos

Experimental Protocol for Manipulating Plant-induced Soil Heterogeneity
08:16

Experimental Protocol for Manipulating Plant-induced Soil Heterogeneity

Published on: March 13, 2014

19.0K
Contact-Free Co-Culture Model for the Study of Innate Immune Cell Activation During Respiratory Virus Infection
07:36

Contact-Free Co-Culture Model for the Study of Innate Immune Cell Activation During Respiratory Virus Infection

Published on: February 28, 2021

3.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 5, 2025

Digital PCR-based Competitive Index for High-throughput Analysis of Fitness in Salmonella
07:11

Digital PCR-based Competitive Index for High-throughput Analysis of Fitness in Salmonella

Published on: May 13, 2019

9.7K
Experimental Protocol for Manipulating Plant-induced Soil Heterogeneity
08:16

Experimental Protocol for Manipulating Plant-induced Soil Heterogeneity

Published on: March 13, 2014

19.0K
Contact-Free Co-Culture Model for the Study of Innate Immune Cell Activation During Respiratory Virus Infection
07:36

Contact-Free Co-Culture Model for the Study of Innate Immune Cell Activation During Respiratory Virus Infection

Published on: February 28, 2021

3.0K

Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Mathematical Modeling
  • Behavioral Economics

Background:

  • Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) are primary epidemic control tools.
  • The interplay between NPIs, individual behavior, and economic factors is complex and not fully understood.
  • Epidemics are adaptive systems driven by individual decisions and infection risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of heterogeneous behavioral responses on epidemic burden.
  • To model the influence of risk perception on individual decision-making during epidemics.
  • To analyze how population structure affects epidemic outcomes under varying behavioral responses.

Main Methods:

  • Formulation of a two-risk-group mathematical model.
  • Incorporation of individual behavioral decisions driven by risk perceptions.
  • Analysis of epidemic dynamics in a structured population with heterogeneous behaviors.

Main Results:

  • A trade-off exists between risk-evading and risk-taking behaviors, influencing epidemic size.
  • Privately optimal behaviors in structured populations can increase the final epidemic size compared to homogeneous behavior.
  • Uncertainty in health state information can exacerbate epidemic outcomes, dependent on population risk composition.
  • Optimal planning horizons for minimizing epidemic size are identified, contingent on population structure.

Conclusions:

  • Heterogeneous behavioral responses and risk perceptions significantly influence epidemic trajectories.
  • Mathematical modeling provides insights into optimizing NPI strategies by considering individual behavior and population structure.
  • Understanding individual decision-making under uncertainty is crucial for effective epidemic control.