Expanding the view of the molecular mechanisms of autophagy pathway

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved multistep degradation mechanism in eukaryotes, that maintains cellular homoeostasis by replenishing cells with nutrients through catabolic lysis of the cytoplasmic components. This critically coordinated pathway involves sequential processing events that begin with initiation, nucleation, and elongation of phagophores, followed by the formation of  double-membrane vesicles known as autophagosomes. Finally, autophagosomes migrate towards and fuse with lysosomes in mammals and vacuoles in yeast and plants, for the eventual degradation of the intravesicular cargo. Here, we review the recent advances in our understanding of the molecular events that define the process of autophagy.