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Quantifying Hydrated Electron Transformation Kinetics in UV-Advanced Reduction Processes Using the Re-,UV Method.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Water Treatment Technologies
  • Photochemistry

Background:

  • Ultraviolet Advanced Reduction Processes (UV-ARP) show promise for degrading challenging contaminants, including per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS).
  • Contaminant degradation rates in UV-ARP are linked to hydrated electron concentration ([eaq-]), a parameter often unreported in existing literature.
  • Standardized methods for quantifying [eaq-] and characterizing UV-ARP photochemical systems are needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a method (Re-,UV) for quantifying time-based hydrated electron concentration ([eaq]) relative to UV fluence in UV-ARP.
  • To investigate the influence of [eaq] formation and scavenging on nitrate and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) degradation in diverse source waters.
  • To model contaminant degradation using the developed [eaq] quantification method.

Main Methods:

  • Monochloroacetate was employed as a probe compound to establish the Re-,UV method for measuring [eaq].
  • The Re-,UV method was used to assess [eaq] in four source waters with varying water quality.
  • The impact of [eaq] scavengers (e.g., dissolved organic carbon, bicarbonate) on nitrate and PFOS degradation was evaluated.

Main Results:

  • The Re-,UV method successfully quantified [eaq] available for contaminant degradation relative to UV fluence.
  • Long-term PFOS treatability in UV-ARP was found to be more dependent on the presence of scavengers than initial scavenging conditions.
  • Degradation of nitrate and PFOS was effectively modeled using the [eaq] data obtained from the Re-,UV method.

Conclusions:

  • The developed Re-,UV method provides a reliable tool for assessing UV-ARP performance across different water matrices.
  • Understanding hydrated electron availability and scavenging is crucial for optimizing UV-ARP for recalcitrant contaminant removal.
  • This approach facilitates better prediction and control of UV-ARP treatment efficacy for emerging contaminants like PFAS.