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Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

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Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
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The liver is an important organ in vertebrates that plays an essential role in metabolism. It is also responsible for storing and redistributing nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, and vitamins in the body. Additionally, the liver releases bile salts which are critical for digesting food and eliminating toxic metabolites from the body.
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Updated: Sep 5, 2025

Long Term Intravital Multiphoton Microscopy Imaging of Immune Cells in Healthy and Diseased Liver Using CXCR6.Gfp Reporter Mice
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Liver cirrhosis and immune dysfunction.

Elda Hasa1, Phillipp Hartmann1,2,3, Bernd Schnabl1,4

  • 1Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.

International Immunology
|July 6, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Cirrhosis progression involves gut dysbiosis and immune dysfunction. This review details immune events and cell populations in advanced liver disease, crucial for understanding acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF).

Keywords:
acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF)cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction (CAID)compensated and decompensated cirrhosisimmune paralysisinflammation

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Hepatology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Cirrhosis represents end-stage liver disease with significant global mortality.
  • Progression to decompensated cirrhosis and acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is multifactorial.
  • Key factors include toxin exposure, gut dysbiosis, increased permeability, and immune dysfunction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review central immunologic events in cirrhosis exacerbation.
  • To characterize immune cell populations involved in cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms driving progression to ACLF.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on immunological aspects of cirrhosis.
  • Analysis of immune cell roles in disease progression.
  • Synthesis of current understanding of cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction.

Main Results:

  • Cirrhosis involves a disrupted immune response, termed cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction.
  • This dysfunction is characterized by systemic inflammation and immune paralysis.
  • Specific immune cell populations contribute significantly to these pathological changes.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding immune dysregulation is critical for managing advanced liver disease.
  • Targeting immunological pathways may offer therapeutic strategies for ACLF.
  • Further research into immune cell dynamics can improve patient outcomes in cirrhosis.