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The association between educational attainment and longevity using individual-level data from the 1940 census.

Adriana Lleras-Muney1, Joseph Price2, Dahai Yue3

  • 1Department of Economics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.

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More education means a longer life. Each additional school year is linked to approximately 0.4 more years of life expectancy, especially for those born between 1906-1915. This educational benefit varies by location.

Keywords:
EducationHeterogeneityIndividual dataLongevitySex disparities

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Area of Science:

  • Sociology
  • Demography
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Education is a key determinant of health outcomes.
  • Previous studies show a correlation between schooling and longevity.
  • Large-scale data is needed to confirm these associations across different populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify the association between years of schooling and age at death.
  • To investigate how this association varies by cohort, sex, and place of birth.
  • To explore the role of socioeconomic and environmental factors.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a dataset of 17 million individuals by linking 1940 census data with death records.
  • Employed sibling and twin fixed effects to control for genetic and family environment.
  • Analyzed variations in the education-longevity association based on geographical and socioeconomic factors.

Main Results:

  • One additional year of education is associated with approximately 0.4 additional years of life expectancy after age 35.
  • This association is consistent for siblings and twins in the 1906-1915 birth cohort.
  • The strength of this association for men is linked to higher local income, school quality, and public health investments.

Conclusions:

  • Increased years of schooling significantly contribute to increased longevity.
  • The socioeconomic and environmental context of one's birthplace plays a crucial role in the education-longevity relationship.
  • While childhood environment explains some variation for women, further research is needed to understand the heterogeneity observed.