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Ferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...

Paramagnetism

Paramagnetism

Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...

Magnetic Field due to Moving Charges

Magnetic Field due to Moving Charges

A stationary charge creates and interacts with the electric field, while a moving charge creates a magnetic field.
Consider a point charge moving with a constant velocity. Like the electric field, the magnetic field at any point is directly proportional to the magnitude of the charge and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the source point and the field point. However, unlike the electric field, the magnetic field is always perpendicular to the plane containing the line...

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
When diamagnetic materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Hence, the susceptibility for diamagnets has a minimal negative value of 10-5–10-6. Since...

Dielectric Polarization in a Capacitor

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The presence of a dielectric medium in a capacitor not only changes the voltage and capacitance but also affects the electric field. In general, dielectrics can be of two types: polar and nonpolar. In a polar dielectric, the positive and negative charges in the molecules are separated by a distance and hence have a permanent dipole moment. In contrast, no such charge separation exists in a nonpolar dielectric, however the nonpolar molecules get polarized in the presence of an external electric...

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A superconductor is a substance that offers zero resistance to the electric current when it drops below a critical temperature. Zero resistance is not the only interesting phenomenon as materials reach their transition temperatures. A second effect is the exclusion of magnetic fields. This is known as the Meissner effect. A light, permanent magnet placed over a superconducting sample will levitate in a stable position above the superconductor. High-speed trains that levitate on strong...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 5, 2025

Measuring Magnetically-Tuned Ferroelectric Polarization in Liquid Crystals

Measuring Magnetically-Tuned Ferroelectric Polarization in Liquid Crystals

Published on: August 15, 2018

Topologically protected magnetoelectric switching in a multiferroic.

Louis Ponet^1,2,3, S Artyukhin⁴, Th Kain⁵

¹Quantum Materials Theory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.

|July 6, 2022

Summary

Researchers discovered a multiferroic material, Gadolinium Manganese Oxide (GdMn2O5), that acts as a magnetic crankshaft. Applying and removing magnetic fields causes electric polarization reversal, enabling novel data-processing devices.

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Last Updated: Sep 5, 2025

Measuring Magnetically-Tuned Ferroelectric Polarization in Liquid Crystals

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Published on: August 15, 2018

In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy with Biasing and Fabrication of Asymmetric Crossbars Based on Mixed-Phased a-VOx

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Published on: May 13, 2020

Sputter Growth and Characterization of Metamagnetic B2-ordered FeRh Epilayers

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Published on: October 5, 2013

Area of Science:

Condensed Matter Physics
Materials Science
Magnetism and Ferroelectricity

Background:

Electric control of magnetism and magnetic control of ferroelectricity are key for energy-efficient devices.
Achieving magnetoelectric switching is challenging, requiring more than simple spin-charge coupling.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the magnetoelectric switching behavior of the multiferroic material GdMn2O5.
To explore the potential of GdMn2O5 for advanced magnetic memory and data-processing applications.

Main Methods:

Application and removal of magnetic fields to induce changes in electric polarization.
Analysis of magnetic configurations and spin dynamics during the switching process.

Main Results:

A unique four-state magnetoelectric switching loop was observed in GdMn2O5.
The material demonstrated a 'magnetic crankshaft' effect, converting linear magnetic field variations into circular spin motion.
Unidirectional, 90-degree increments of spin rotation were observed in half of the spins.

Conclusions:

GdMn2O5 exhibits a novel, topologically protected four-state magnetoelectric switching mechanism.
This phenomenon offers a new paradigm for switching in ferroic materials and potential for device applications.