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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
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Coherent interfaces govern direct transformation from graphite to diamond.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid-State Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • The direct transformation of graphite to diamond is scientifically significant but poorly understood at the atomic level.
  • Previous models failed to explain complex nanostructures at graphite-diamond interfaces.
  • Lack of atomistic resolution in prior studies hindered mechanism elucidation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and characterize the structural motifs at graphite-diamond interfaces during transformation.
  • To elucidate the atomic-level mechanisms governing the direct graphite-to-diamond conversion.
  • To provide experimental evidence for theoretical models of carbon allotrope transformation.

Main Methods:

  • High-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) was used to analyze partially transformed graphite samples.
  • Static compression experiments were conducted on graphite samples.
  • Theoretical calculations were performed to assess the energetic favorability of proposed transformation pathways.

Main Results:

  • Identification of coherent graphite-diamond interfaces with four basic structural motifs.
  • Observation that these coherent interfaces are key to the transformation process.
  • Confirmation that transformation via these interfaces is energetically favored over previously proposed mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • The graphite-to-diamond transformation is governed by the formation and advancement of nanoscale coherent interfaces.
  • These interfaces facilitate diamond nucleation and subsequent growth, consuming the graphite matrix.
  • The findings offer insights into the transformation mechanisms of other carbon materials and boron nitride.